Recent Writings on WORLD SYSTEM HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY by ANDRE GUNDER FRANK University of Toronto 96 Asquith Ave. Toronto, Ont. Canada M4W 1J8 Tel: 416 - 972 0616 Fax: 416 - 972 0071 agfrank@chass.utoronto.ca BOOKS & MONOGRAPHS Asian Age forthcoming The World System: Five Hundred Years or Five Thousand? Editor/Contributor with Barry K. Gills London and New York: Routledge, 1993, 320 pp. (including revisions of some articles listed below) The Centrality of Central Asia Amsterdam: VU University Press for Center for Asian Studies Amsterdam (CASA), Comparative Asian Studies No.8, 1992, 68 pp. IN EDITED BOOKS/READERS 5000 years of World System History: The Cumulation of Accumulation (with Barry K. Gills) in Precapitalist Core-Periphery Relations, C. Chase-Dunn & T. Hall, Eds. Boulder: Westview Press 1991, pp 67-111 1492 e America Latina o marxe da historia do sistema mundial: 492-992-1492-1992 es os cambios de hexemonia Leste-Oeste in America Latina: Entre a Realidade e a Utopia Aula Castelet de Filosofia, Ed. Vigo: Edicions Xerais de Galicia 1992, pp. 171-212. Forteen Ninety-two Once Again in 1492: The Debate on Colonialism, Eurocentrism and History. by J.M. Blaut with contributions by A.G. Frank, S. Amin, R.A. Dodgshon, R. Palan & R. Taylor. Trenton, N.J.: Africa World Press 1992, pp 65-80 The World Is Round and Wavy: Demographic Cycles and Structural Analysis in the World System in Debating Revolutions, Nikki Keddie, Ed. New York: New York University Press, 1995, pp 200-220. The Five Thousand Year World System: An Interdisciplinary Introduction in The Historical Evolution of International Political Economy Edited by Christopher Chase-Dunn, London: Edward Elgar, 1996 The Modern World System Revisited: Re-reading Braudel and Wallerstein in Civilizations and World Systems, Stephen Sanderson, Ed.,Thousand Oaks, CA: Altamira Press 1995, pp 163-194. The Continuing Place of Central Asia in the World Economy to 1800 Rethinking Central Asia, Korkut A. Erkut, Ed. Gainsville: Florida University Press, forthcoming The Five Thousand Year World System in Theory and Praxis [with B.K. Gills]. In World System History: Social Science of Long Term Change, Robert Denemark et al, Eds. Thousand Oaks, CA: Altamira Press, forthcoming Abuses and Some Uses of World System Theory in Archaelogy Global Applications of World Systems Theory in Archaeology edited by Nick Kardulias, Boulder: Rowman & Littlefield, forthcoming. ARTICLES IN JOURNALS A Theoretical Introduction to 5,000 Years of World System History. Review Vol.XIII, No.2, Spring l990, pp 155-248. The Cumulation of Accumulation: Theses and Research Agenda for 5000 Years of World System History (with Barry K. Gills) Dialectical Anthropology Vol.15, No.1, July 1990, pp. 19-42. The Thirteenth Century World System: A Review Essay Journal of World History Vol.I,No.2, Fall 1990, pp 249-256. A Plea for World System History Journal of World History Vol.II,No.1,Spring l991,pp 1-28. Cuadernos Americanos, Mexico, Vol. XXX, No. 4, Dec. 1991 De Quelles Transitions et de Quels Modes de Production s'agit-il dans le Systeme-Monde Reel? Commentaire sur Wallerstein. dans le Systeme-Monde Reel? Commentaire sur Wallerstein. s Vol.XXII,No.2, Oct.1990,pp.207-19 [English version, see next item] Transitional Ideological Modes: Feudalism, Capitalism, Socialism. Critique of Anthropology,Vol.11,No 2,Summer 1991, pp 171-188 Oriens/BOCTOK, Moscow, No. 2, 1992. The Centrality of Central Asia Studies in History,New Delhi,Vol.8,No.1,Jan-June 1992,pp43-122 Bulletin of Concerned Asian Scholars, Boulder USA, XXIV, 2, April-June 1992, pp 50-82. Forteen Ninety-two Once Again Political Geography Quarterly, Vol.11, No.4,Jl.1992,pp 386-393 The Five Thousand Year World System: An Interdisciplinary Introduction [with Barry K. Gills] Humboldt Journal of Social Relations, Arcata, Calif. Vol. 18, No. 1, Spring l992, pp 1-79 World System Cycles, Crises, and Hegemonial Shifts 1700 BC to 1700 AD (with B. Gills) Review, XV, 4, Fall 1992, pp. 621-687. The World Is Round and Wavy: Demographic Cycles & Structural Analysis in the World System: Review Essay of J. Goldstone's Revolutions and Rebellions in the Early Modern World. Contention, Vol. 2, No. 2 Winter 1993, pp. 107-124. 1492 and Latin America at the Margin of World System History: East > West Hegemonial Shifts (992-1492-1992). Comparative Civilizations Review No. 28, Spring 1993,pp. 1-40. rica Latina al Margen de la Historia del Sistema Mundial El Gallo Ilustrado 1583, Semanario de El Dia, Mexico, Oct. 25, 1992, pp 2-7. rica Latina al margen del sistema mundial. Historia y presente. Nueva Sociedad, Caracas, No.123, enero-feb.1993,pp 23-34. World System Economic Cycles and Hegemonial Shift to Europe 100 BC to 1500 AD (w/ B. Gills) Journal of European Economic History, XXII, 1, July 1993 Bronze Age World System Cycles Current Anthropology Vol. 34, No.4, Aug.-Oct.1993, pp 383-430 The World Economic System in Asia Before European Hegemony The Historian Vol. 56. No. 4, Winter 1994, pp. 259-276. Confusion Worse Confounded: Through the Looking Glass of Matt Melko in Wonderland Comparative Civilizations Review No. 30, Spring 1994, pp. 22-29. Hegemony and Social Change [Forum] Mershon International Studies Review No.2, 1994, pp. Review of Islamic & European Expansion. The Forging of a Global Order edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association Journal of Asian Studies, 1995, pp. 134-5. Review of Historical Atlas of East Central Europe by P.R. Magoscsi Political Geography Quarterly Vol.14,No.8,Nov. 1995, pp. 711-712. Review of The Colonizer's Model of the World. Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History by J.M. Blaut Journal of the American Association of Geographers Vol.85, No.3, 1995, pp.589-90. SUMMARY OF PUBLICATIONS MENTIONED ABOVE - introductory/ theoretical essays: "A Plea for World System History" is the most general introduction and overview, and "The Five Thousand Year World system: An Interdisciplinary Introduction" examines how this approach relates to a dozen disciplines and concerns from anthropology and archaeology, civlizationism, classicism and medievalism, to international relations, historical macro sociology, & world-system theory. - critique of received theory [1990] and a proposal of alternative theory in "Cumulation of Accumulation" [1990/91] - use of alternative theory to identify, date and discuss 500 year long cycles from 1700 BC to 1700 AD [1992], and again separately in another paper for the Bronze Age back to 3000 BC [1993] - applications of the cycle analysis in regional case studies for Inner/Central Asia [1992], Europe [1993], and Latin America 1993], and to topical problems, eg. continuity or discontinuity in 1492 [1992], and hegemony since then [1994]. - a book edited by A.G. Frank & B. K. Gills with a Foreword by William McNeill, which includes some of the editors' writings listed above along with contributions on and discussions of the theme "the world system: 500 or 5,000 years" by Janet Abu-Lughod, Samir Amin, Kajsa Ekholm and Jonathan Friedman, Immanuel Wallerstein, and David Wilkinson. - critiques of Abu-Lughod's "Before European Hegemony" [1991], Braudel's "European World-Economy," Wallerstein's "Modern World- System" [1991,1994, 1995] and Blaut's "Colonizer's Model" [1995] - application of all of the above to re-writing the 1400-1800 period with a world economic analysis from a truly global -- non- or anti- Eurocentric and much more Asian based -- perspective [book forthcoming] THE MAIN THESES OF WORLD SYSTEM HISTORY by A.G. Frank My historical work [some also in collaboration with Barry Gills] is on 5,000 years of world system history in AfroEurasia and the incorporation of the "new world" since 1492. A major purpose is to offer an alternative to eurocentism, which is not afro-, sino-, islamo- centered, but humanocentric instead. My procedure has been to start in 1500 AD and world backward through time to extend the study of the WORLD SYSTEM (Wallerstein 1974, Frank 1978, Abu-Lughod 1989, Kohl 1989) as far back as it will go. So far that is 5,000 years; but I do not exclude going farther back, following the late J.K Fairbank's admonition that historical work should begin at the end and work backward as far as it will take us. Then I returned to 1400/1500 AD to apply this perspective also by also working forward through time to re-analyze the period [so far] to 1800 from a non- Eurocentric global perspective. The main theoretical categories I rely on are: - 1. The world economy and system itself. In my present view and per contra Wallerstein (l974), the existence and development of the world system in which we live stretches back at least five thousand years (Frank 1990, 1991a,b; Gills and Frank 1990/91, 1992; Frank and Gills 1992,1993), and therefore also was already WORLD encompassing in the early modern world economy and system, from which Braudel and Wallerstein exclude most of the world till 1750. [See publications list above]. - 2. The process of capital accumulation as the motor force of [world system] history. Wallerstein and others regard continuous capital accumulation as the differentia specifica of the "modern world-system." I have argued elsewhere that in this regard the "modern" world system is not so different and that this same process of capital accumulation has played a, if not the, central role in the world system for several millennia (see especially Frank 1991b and Gills and Frank 1990/91 as well as replies by Amin 1991 and by Wallerstein 1991, the latter also on the difference a hyphen [-] makes, which are also included in Frank and Gills 1993). - 3. The center-periphery structure in and of the world economy/ system. This structure is familiar to analysts of dependence in the "modern" world system and especially in Latin America since 1492. I wrote about this among others in Frank (1967). I now find that this analytical category is also applicable in the world system before that, although there has hardly ever or never been a single such center. - 4. The alternation between hegemony and rivalry or the regional hegemonies and rivalries to succeed the previous hegemon. The world system and international relations literature has recently produced many good analyses of alternation between hegemonic leadership and rivalry for hegemony in the world system since 1492, for instance by Wallerstein (1979), or since 1494 by Modelski (1987) and by Modelski and Thompson (1988). Hegemony and rivalry for the same also mark world [system] history long before that. Global hegemony has however been rare, partial, and temporary then and now and, contrary to the above cited authors, certainly non-existent before the nineteenth century (Gills and Frank 1992, Frank and Gills 1992, Frank 1994,1995, forthcoming). - 5. Long [and short] economic cycles of alternating ascending [sometimes denominated "A"] phases and descending [sometimes denominated "B"] phases. In the real world historical process and in its analysis by students of the "modern" world system, these long cycles are also associated with each of the previous categories. That is, an important characteristic of the "modern" world system is that the process of capital accumulation, changes in center-periphery position within it, and world system hegemony and rivalry are all cyclical and occur in tandem with each other. I analyzed the same for the "modern" world system under the title World Accumulation 1492-1789 and Dependent Accumulation and Underdevelopment (Frank 1978a,b). World system cycles and many of their features also extend back long before 1492 to at least the 3rd millennium BC. Five hundered year long cycles are identified and dated particularly in the papers entitled "World System Cycles, Crises and Hegemonial Shifts 1700 BC to 1700 AD" and "Bronze Age World System Cycles." Two other authors' independent empirically based tests offer substantial confirmation, and that of a third one less so, of the existence of these cycles and their datings. The forthcoming book pursues these long cycles also into recent times. - 6. In this analysis of the existence, structure, functioning, and transformation of the GLOBAL economy and "system," Asia was dominant and Europe only marginal until 1800. Therein, this analysis challenges all Eurocentric historiography and social theory from Marx and Weber to Braudel and Wallerstein. [Book Abstract and Table of contents available on request]