From chriscd@jhu.edu Tue Jul 1 08:57:49 1997 01 Jul 1997 10:55:59 -0400 (EDT) 01 Jul 1997 10:54:14 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 01 Jul 1997 10:53:20 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: [Fwd: Job Opening] To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu Mon, 30 Jun 1997 17:16:38 -0400 (EDT) Mon, 30 Jun 1997 17:16:16 -0400 (EDT) 30 Jun 1997 16:07:05 -0500 (CDT) by mcfeeley.cc.utexas.edu (8.8.5/8.8.5/mcfeeley.mc-1.21) 30 Jun 1997 16:05:58 -0500 (CDT) ; Mon, 30 Jun 1997 15:05:55 -0600 (MDT) Date: Mon, 30 Jun 1997 17:00:35 -0400 From: Erik Leaver Subject: Job Opening Sender: owner-lasnet@mcfeeley.cc.utexas.edu To: lasnet@mcfeeley.cc.utexas.edu Reply-to: leaver@swcp.com Job Opening for BorderLines Editor The Interhemispheric Resource Center seeks a full-time writer/editor = for BorderLines, a monthly periodical covering U.S.-Mexico border and cross-border issues. =20 Responsibilities=20 * Oversee monthly publication of English and Spanish editions=20 * Develop and write articles * Solicit articles from contract writers * Participate in borderlands conferences and meetings=20 * Coordinate work for interns and work-study students=20 * Maintain database of over 1500 borderlands contacts Qualifications:=20 * Journalism or other nonacademic writing experience=20 * Knowledge of environmental, political, and social issues on the U.S.-Mexico border * Bilingual (Spanish/English) * Ability to travel * Ability to make minimum two-year commitment * Background in social justice activism encouraged Salary and Benefits * $21,000-$25,000/year, depending on experience=20 * Benefits include health insurance, retirement, and vacation, holida= ys, and medical days Please send resum=E9, three references, and two writing samples befor= e August 11 to: Debra Preusch, Executive Director Interhemispheric Resource Center PO Box 2178 Silver City, NM 88061 Women and people of color encouraged to apply.=20 ------------------------------ Erik Leaver Communications Director IRC Box 4506 Albuquerque, NM 87196 voice: (505) 842-8288 fax: (505) 246-1601 email: leaver@swcp.com resourcectr@igc.apc.org web: http://www.zianet.com/infocus From dlj@inforamp.net Tue Jul 1 10:36:53 1997 by mail.istar.ca with esmtp (Exim 1.62 #10) Reply-To: From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: , "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: Beyond Genes & Racism; On Infoterra; Some Musings Date: Tue, 1 Jul 1997 11:34:50 -0400 Don Marshall writes: > > I can agree with Mark Jones last post expressing shock at rkm's > capitulation to bell-curve backed notions of racialist differences. My > view is that the jury is still out on the method, ontology, > and assumptions of such research. The jury being out is Qualification One for any science. >The complexities and processes > involved in the shaping of a human being seem to defy behavioural > methodologies with their predictive and scientistic leanings. I am > prepared however to believe that the crudities in rkm's post was perhaps > in his articulation. The pursuit of a nuance can prove hazardous if the > articulation is rushed. I do agree with rkm's last point though on the > dangers of IQ-chauvinism. Without entering the debate, I have, as always, a funny story. I am an ex-Governor of the Educational Testing Service, they indeed of Princeton. The vestrymen, uh, vestrypeople, of the joint call them/our selves governors with a capital G with a wry smile at the amount of power involved in the role. Most have a great deal of power in their other roles. I got this job, and the vote that went with it, on a proxy: my boss had to go to another meeting as a Visitor at Harvard the same day. (That's real class and power: when you don't pretend to govern, you just visit.) John told me to get primed for bear, so I spent a couple of weeks before the meeting looking into things. Fortunately Ben Wood, the founder of the joint, was a friend, so I was able to find out where the skeletons were buried. At the same time I had a librarian friend scurry up all the press stuff on ETS, and she came up with a number of stories from Atlantic and suchlike. They were uniform: the writer always found a test question to mock, and it was always clear that neither the writer nor their editors actually understood the question fully. Give that ink-stained wretch a 680 and tell 'em to piss off. So I took the train up to New York for a night of debauchery and then the subway to Princeton to be picked up by the limousine in the morning. (The trains to Princeton Junction stopped at 3:30, probably to make the kids do their homework, so to get back to Washington, if you didn't have a LearJet waiting -- Bill Lear, 97, died the other day, I'm sorry to hear -- you had to take the Alleghany, now known as USAir. 18 seater "Well lazeungennullmen, Ah see lil weather ahead, so Ah'm gonna take it up to four thousand...") Arriving I find myself at a square of tables with 18 of the most powerful people on the planet -- Bilderberg prefigured -- plus none of the jerks are there. Not a Rostow in sight. The Chair is the Chairman of Prudential (by coincidence the next generation of their computer security is on my desk right now) who proceeds to do an amazing act: through roughly eight hours of meeting he keeps both feet flat on the floor, no crossed ankles in any direction. In all the BoD meetings I have been to in my life, this is an act of unprecedented anality. Agenda makes sense. Support papers are literately written. This is one of the most amazing meetings I have ever been to. The meeting starts: pure gut-wrenching epistemology start to finish. The pre-loaded critiques I might have thought of raising are not even in the league, let alone the ballpark: they have paid dynamite experts on staff. The day goes forward. ETS was, afik, the first place on the east coast to feed the automatic whitewinequichespinachandlemonjuice lunch. Everything is passed by acclamation, the nearest thing to a vote being when the chairman asks me if $550,000 sounds about right for a particular bit of research. Apparently I've been elected the house numbercruncher. A meeting of smart powerful people is done with remarkable economy. Nothing is barred. If anything is not understood a raised eyebrow, or at most a five word question, gets to the bottom of it. Here is the nub of it: the people "in charge" of IQ are far more sceptical about it (and far better informed on the subject) than the officious opposition out there. "IQ is an index of ability to pass IQ tests" is a banner of the people who write -- and test, and test... -- the tests, not of their critics. * * * > On another note, we can appreciate the socially useful > benefits that can arise out of the Norweigian solar & > wind-powered vehicle. This is a curiosity. In North America engineering undergraduates turn out this kind of stuff for sport. (University of Toronto's Lady Godiva Gang briefly threatened MIT's hegemony this spring, but MIT won out...) All the car technology we need is on the shelf, just waiting for the prices to adjust themselves. Meanwhile the people in a position to choose will choose: Toyota jeeps in Sudan, black MB's in Mali, air conditioned Lexises that never get out of second gear in Calcutta... (The nice thing about Rolls Royces is they can't be faked. I was driving one at 125 mph down the Queen E a few years ago when a Provincial hove into my mirror. I put it to the floor, the machine moved smartly to 145, and the cop waved me a friendly goodbye.) Ivan Illich and his donkeys can grunt and moan all they want, but the fact is people will eat white bread before they go back to whole grain, white rice before their abberrant grandchildren go macrobiotic, and drive a car with the back seat empty long before they can afford horses. -dlj. From cscpo@polsci.umass.edu Tue Jul 1 13:03:11 1997 Tue, 1 Jul 1997 15:03:08 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 01 Jul 1997 15:02:07 -0400 From: "colin s. cavell" Subject: epistemology on the world systems theory listserv To: WSN@csf.colorado.edu >Richard K. Moore writes on Sun, 29 June 1997 @ 21:58:26: > >There ARE racial differences. The most important proviso to these >differences - a proviso that needs to be understood widely - is that the >WIDTH of the various by-race bell curves (IQ-ability, running ability, >musical ability, basketball ability, whatever) is very broad: individual >differences are greater than racial differences. One race's bell curve >(for a given metric, and after adjusting for environmental advantage) may >be off-center from another's, but the two mostly overlap. A given person, >regardless of race, may be the best or worst person for a given job, to >have as a neighbor, etc. Richard, would you please explain what you mean by "race", and I'd also appreciate if you would specify the typology of the various races existing in your world. In addition, how does one calculate the "various by-race bell curves"? Now I understand why you didn't respond to my message to you regarding Huntington and the comment I relayed to you heard over WBAI in New York that Huntington's analysis is akin to Herrnstein and Murray's Bell Curve Theory simply applied to international relations. ______________________________________________________________________________ Colin S. Cavell "And there lies the most stupendous Department of Political Science labor problem of the twentieth century Thompson Tower, Box 37520 --transcending the problem of Labor University of Massachusetts and Capital, of Democracy, of the Amherst, MA 01003-7520 Equality of Women--for it is the Internet: cscpo@polsci.umass.edu problem of the Equality of Humanity in Voice: (413) 546-3408 the world as against white domination http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~cscpo of black and brown and yellow serfs. --W.E.B. Du Bois, (1868-1963) ========================================================================== From spector@calumet.purdue.edu Tue Jul 1 14:14:52 1997 X-NUPop-Charset: English Date: Tue, 1 Jul 1997 15:14:58 -0600 (CST) From: "Alan Spector" Sender: spector@calumet.purdue.edu Reply-To: spector@calumet.purdue.edu To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: RE: Pseudo-Science, racist folklore R.K. Moore wrote: <<>>> Putting aside the question of whether IQ tests measure anything innate, and putting aside whether there are any measurable manifestations of whatever part of intellectual ability one might think is heritable, there is yet a third part of the "racial intelligence" argument with a hole in it wide enough to drive a truck through. How does anyone quantify "race?" Are black Africans closer biologically to Swedes than they are to Australian aboriginies? (yes). Are Arabs closer to black Africans biologically than Sicilians? (who knows, who cares?) The studies don't quantify race because they can't. There are thousands of genes which affect our biological make-up. The racialists pick and choose which genes they perfer to focus on, usually related to skin tone, and ignore other ones. The "overlap" argument is an intellectually poor way to diffuse the argument by saying that "there are some whites who are so stupid that they are even more stupid than some blacks." Does ability to digest lactose (a heritable trait) affect IQ test scores? It can if you have severe stomach cramps the night before you take the test. Does worrying if your family has enough money to meet this month's bills, or hoping that you can get into an Ivy League college, or thinking about a relative who is in jail, or having poor eyesight or hearing affect IQ test scores? What are the races? Provide a list of which genes make up the basis for classifying the people of the world into races, and give evidence that those genes are linked to intellectual performance. Or is it just so-called "common sense" pretending to be science? There is another argument that can be used in slippery ways. It says that scientists should always say "Maybe" and therefore should say "Maybe" to the question of so-called racial differences. But there are two definitions of "Maybe." The first definition is akin to saying: "Maybe Elvis is alive, maybe Prince Charles and Mother Theresa are the same person, maybe people with a lot of hair on their heads are smarter than bald people because it takes a fertile mind to grow hair, maybe we are all dreaming, etc." That is the "maybe" that means, "Well, anything is possible." A second definition of "Maybe" is to say that there is a pretty good possibility, perhaps 50%, or 25% or .05 or .01, etc. etc. The problem is when someone wants you to agree with the second definition of "Maybe" so they try to get you to concede the first definition of "Maybe" and then slide the argument over. "MAYBE there are racial differences, MAYBE it will snow in London in August, MAYBE ANYTHING CAN HAPPEN--a true scientist should never rule anything out." So then you say, "Well, okay, MAYBE ANYTHING CAN HAPPEN by that definition." "All right then," says the other person, "so you agree that maybe black people are less intelligent than white people." BASKETBALL ABILITY? RUNNING ABILITY? Which black people? The ones you see playing basketball? They don't recruit the bad basketball players from Africa to come to the United States to play, so if you are judging it based on what you see, the sample is very biased. How come Irish, Italians, and Jews were a disproportionate percentage of baseball players in the 1940's but not today? Did they suffer a genetic decline? And did you ever notice how few excellent cricket players are Mexican? Could it be biological???? The whole discussion is ridiculous, and very anti-scientific. The proper term is pseudo-scientific, trying to bask in the limelight of some of the brilliant discoveries made in biology in the past few decades, and use that prestige to say to people: "Look at what a powerful science biology is. How can you say that biology does not affect intelligence? And since there are visible biological characteristics associated with what we call race, then obviously a true scientist would have to admit to racial differences in intelligence." I don't mean to make any statements about the character of anyone who might believe this, but this is a racist argument, based not on biology, but on folklore. Alan Spector ================ From 70671.2032@CompuServe.COM Tue Jul 1 17:58:16 1997 Date: 01 Jul 97 19:57:19 EDT From: "James M. Blaut" <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> To: world systems network Subject: bell curves, etc. WPC1_II er, perhaps the majority, of mainstream scholars [until recently] believed that racial differences are very slight and that the individual human being's capabilities and potentialities are not predictable from his or her race; that race differences only appear influential on a statistical basis for large groups: for instance, a slightly higher average "intelligence quotient" for whites as against blacks. This belief was consistent with militant opposition to racial discrimination. But it was not much better than classical racism when applied to questions of social evolution and comparison between European and non-European history. This is so because the historical arguments did not need to postulate large racial differences. If whites, on the average, held a tiny advantage over nonwhites in, let us say, inventiveness, that tiny advantage, working out its influence over the centuries and millennia, would produce the result that whites built high civilization and nonwhites did not. In a sense, this very moderate racism was a more serious problem than ordinary racism, because it allowed scholars to take liberal positions in opposition to overt racial discrimination yet continue to believe that whites are superior genetically to nonwhites within the subject-matter scope of their own fields... -__e or cultural evolution." *The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History, p. 65. From 70671.2032@CompuServe.COM Tue Jul 1 18:34:02 1997 Date: 01 Jul 97 20:32:46 EDT From: "James M. Blaut" <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> To: world systems net Subject: bell curves, etc. -------- Forwarded Message -------- Subject: bell curves, etc. Date: 01-Jul-97 at 18:54 From: James M. Blaut, 70671,2032 TO: world systems network,INTERNET:wsnsf.colorado.edu *** File Type Message *** PC Filename: C:\X\CMWRACE Size: 2636 From 70671.2032@CompuServe.COM Tue Jul 1 18:56:51 1997 Date: 01 Jul 97 20:54:50 EDT From: "James M. Blaut" <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> To: world systems net Subject: bells WPC From: Jim Blaut July 1, 1997 Subject: bell curves, etc. I'll take the liberty of reproducing here a brief passage from my book* that I believe is relevant to thediscussion taking place here about bell curves and the like: "Moderate racism is, today, a more serious problem in the world of scholars than is classical racism,because it is mainly an implicit theory... But more serious still is the surviving influence of what I will call *very* moderate racism. A great number, perhaps the majority, of mainstream scholars [until recently]believed that racial differences are very slight and that the individual human being's capabilities and potentialities are not predictable from his or her race;that race differences only appear influential on a statistical basis for large groups: for instance, a slightly higher average "intelligence quotient" forwhites as against blacks. This belief was consistent with militant opposition to racial discrimination. But it was not much better than classical racism when applied to questions of social evolution and comparison between European and non-European history. This is so because the historical arguments did not need to postulate large racial differences. If whites, on the average, held a tiny advantage over nonwhites in, let us say, inventiveness,that tiny advantage, working out its influence over the centuries and millennia, would produce the result that whites built high civilization and nonwhites did not. In a sense, this very moderate racism was a more serious problem than ordinary racism, because it allowed scholars to take liberal positions in opposition to overt racial discrimination yet continue to believe that whites are superior genetically to nonwhites within the subject-matter scope of their own fields... [There] is no credible evidence in support of the idea that races differ in genetic inheritance except in trivial matters like skin color...racial differences explain nothing about culture or cultural evolution." *The Colonizer's Model of the World: Geographical Diffusionism and Eurocentric History, p. 65. From gernot.kohler@sheridanc.on.ca Wed Jul 2 18:15:30 1997 Date: Wed, 02 Jul 1997 20:15:21 -0400 (EDT) From: Gernot Kohler Subject: Arno Tausch - Debating Euro-Monetarism To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu A comment on Arno Tausch's recent posting "EURO-monetarism and the future of world capitalist currency reserves". I found your paper very interesting and agreeable from a left-Keynesian ("post-Keynesian") point of view. You also refer to one of the intellectual ancestors of left-Keynesianism, namely, Kalecki. Very nice. What I found interesting is that Samir Amin's Marxism and your "socio-liberalism" appear to be highly convergent with respect to the analysis of Europe. (This reminds me af an historical parallel--Hobson's theory of imperialism and socialist theories of imperialism had many similarities -- yet, Hobson was a liberal.) I am wondering why, with a majority of EU-country governments being centre-left at this time, they do not change the Maastricht criteria. Does one have to blame an "agent" (notably, the conservatives governing Germany) or a "structure" (the capitalist world system) or, likely, both? Regards, Gernot Kohler Sheridan College Oakville, Ontario, Canada From rkmoore@iol.ie Wed Jul 2 18:39:18 1997 Date: Thu, 3 Jul 1997 01:39:07 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: re: genes, races, propaganda, science My American Heritage dictionary defines racism as follows: 1. The notion that ones own ethnic stock is superior. 2. Discrimination or prejudice based on racism. I have not been guilty of either of the above on this list nor anywhere else, and yet several postings have suggested that either I am racist, or that I'm espousing racist notions: 6/30/97, Mark Jones wrote: >What an extraordinary posting from Richard Moore: a simple, >in-your-face capitulation, lock-stock-and-barrel, bell-curves and all, >to the most invidious possible kind of racism. 7/01/97, Alan Spector wrote: >I don't mean to make any statements about the character of anyone who >might believe this, but this is a racist argument, based not on biology, >but on folklore. 7/02/97, James M. Blaut wrote: >Moderate racism is, today, a more serious problem in the world of scholars >than is classical racism,because it is mainly an implicit theory... We are seeing here a bit of hyperbole. The root assumption, presumably, is that acknowledgement of racial differences, or even of races, could be used as ammunition/justification by racists (as dictionary defined), and hence such acknowledgement constitutes "collaboration with the enemy", "guilt by association", etc. In this regard, please consider a HYPOTHETICAL scenario: _Suppose_ someone published empircal findings to the effect that "Europeans have been more warlike than the world norm", and suppose that this was attributed (somehow) to geographical conditions and climate. Suppose further that racists everywhere misused this publication: In the Third World: "Europeans are racially violent and shouldn't be trusted!" In Europe (Nat. Front): "Europeans are racially natural leaders and should rule the world!" My question, in this hypothetical scenario: Is the original publisher guilty of racism? Or even of encouraging racism? I would think not. Any more than Darwin should be blamed for Social Darwinism as an apology for laissez-faire economics. If I happen to believe races exist, or that there might be measurable differences of various kinds, that is not racism. You can sling ad hominem slurs, as in the three quotes above, but you don't have a case, not in terms of my beliefs or statements. Where you might make a logical case, would be in terms of propaganda strategy... Mark's comment above speaks of "capitulation", which I presume refers to a "battle" going on in propaganda-space. The "battle strategy" which I have "betrayed", presumably, aims to "demolish" all sources of racist thought by "proclaiming" that there are no racial differences. My response here is that we need to decide whether our pursuit is science or propaganda. One can take the results of science (eg- ecology), and make them the basis of an honest and socially-beneficial education/propaganda campaign (eg- Silent Spring). But if one takes convenient propaganda claims and pretends they are scientific facts, then the result is a betrayal of both honest science and honest propaganda. Speaking pragmatically, that propaganda strategy, I might point out, is falling apart in the field, if due only to sinister attempts to revive Nazi concepts of eugenics, which are becoming, unfortunately, very popular indeed - all but mainstream - under new rubrics ("crime" genes, "gay" genes, ...). In terms of pragmatic propaganda, the strategy needs to be revisited. To the charge of "capitulation", I plead: in a scholarly discussion among historians on wsn, I can see no basis for pursuing a propaganda strategy in preference to a scientific investigation. This is hardly a list on political activism. And I'm not proposing to write a magazine article propounding racial differences, as such would have very little chance of being interpreted other than as an apology for racial discrimination. But on wsn, I'd presume the agenda should be an open exchange of views and consideration of all relevant evidence. As to Mark's all but explicit charge of racism on my part, I again interpret that within the context of his implicit propaganda strategy. When Native Americans were being systematically demonized and exterminated, anyone with the temerity to view the victims as being in any way human was called an "Injun Lover". Those who opposed the war in Vietnam were called "commies" and "anti-American". So today anyone who even raises the question of racial differences is called a "racist". The obvious goal of such hypberbole is to stifle debate, to force people to make a "with us or again' us" choice, and to silence their doubt. In all, a heavy-handed, coercive, propaganda tactic. It has no more to do with science than did the Church's condemnation of Galileo. According to my own sense of the ground rules for scholarly discussion, I find this issue of science vs. propaganda - and the stifling debate by emotionally- charged guilt-by-association charges - to be more central to our collective integrity than any particular belief about the existence of non-existence of racial differences. rkm From albert@U.Arizona.EDU Wed Jul 2 19:11:31 1997 Date: Wed, 2 Jul 1997 18:09:29 -0700 (MST) From: Albert J Bergesen To: wsn wsn Subject: How Marx and Weber Got It All Wrong Dear WSNers: Just a reminder to those of you who will be attending the ASA meetings in Toronto. The earlier debate on Eurocentricism will continue as a session, "How Marx and Weber Got It All Wrong", Tuesday, August 12th, at 10:30 am. Panel participants include: Andre Gunder Frank, Randall Collins, Janet Abu-Lughod, Chris Chase-Dunn, and myself. I encourage all of you to attend. al bergesen Albert Bergesen Department of Sociology University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona 85721 Phone: 520-621-3303 Fax: 520-621-9875 email: albert@u.arizona.edu From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Wed Jul 2 19:19:42 1997 Date: Wed, 2 Jul 1997 21:19:31 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin Reply-To: Andrew Wayne Austin To: "Richard K. Moore" Subject: re: genes, races, propaganda, science In-Reply-To: Richard, My RandomHouse College Dictionary defines "racism" as: "a doctrine that inherent differences among various human races determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one's own race is superior." "Racialism" is defined as "the belief in or practice of racism." For the record, I did not call you a racist. But it is the case that, at least according to some definitions, your argument might be perceived as racist. And I believe it is a racist argument. However, people are often unaware of the racist and sexist assumptions embedded in the arguments they present. So I stop short of calling you a racist because I believe that your position comes from a place of ignorance and uncritical reflection. You often regurgitate conventional piety in an unthinking manner, Richard, (such as your anticommunist post several days back where you gave a blanket pronouncement on the failures of Marx--I thought of writing a response then, but your statement was so reactionary I didn't want to dignify it) and it just so happens that this was one point where a lot of people have a lot to lose by permitting falsehoods to go uncriticized. What do they have to lose? Their livelihoods and sometimes their lives. I should say that instead of you attacking those who have brought to you attention your egregious errors, you might thank them for this and take some time to critically reflect upon the assumptions that have colonized your worldview. The US pragmatist William James long ago contrasted the "once-born" and the "twice-born," with the latter having accepted the possibility of error and about working through these errors. You were surprised by the mobilization of anti-racist forces. I understand this. Your defensive posture gives your dismayment away. But the critics are right, Richard. This post is public because the error was public. From the history of our past communications I don't have much faith that this post will be met with the understanding of a twice-born individual. But what little faith I sometimes may have in my comrades is always undying. Sincerely, Andrew Austin From OWENJACK@FS.isu.edu Wed Jul 2 22:01:03 1997 From: "J B Owens" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Wed, 2 Jul 1997 22:05:14 -0600, MDT Subject: Re: How Marx and Weber Got It All Wrong On Wed, 2 Jul 1997 18:09:29 -0700 (MST), Al Bergesen wrote: Just a reminder to those of you who will be attending the ASA meetings in Toronto. The earlier debate on Eurocentricism will continue as a session, "How Marx and Weber Got It All Wrong", Tuesday, August 12th, at 10:30 am. Panel participants include: Andre Gunder Frank, Randall Collins, Janet Abu-Lughod, Chris Chase-Dunn, and myself. I encourage all of you to attend. ---------------------------- This strikes me as a really interesting panel. Alas, I cannot possibly be there. If the presentations have a written component, would it be possible to publish them afterwards on the WSN web site? To some extent, this is a question for Chris, but also for the individual participants. I am sure that I am not the only one who would like the opportunity to see the written presentations. Hope everyone is having a pleasant summer. Jack J. B. "Jack" Owens, Professor of History Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA e-mail: owenjack@fs.isu.edu www: http://www.isu.edu/~owenjack Note: new www URL, 12 July 1996. From austria@it.com.pl Thu Jul 3 03:12:02 1997 Reply-To: From: "Austrian Embassy" To: Subject: Re: Rejoinder to Kohler Date: Thu, 24 Jun 1993 11:06:23 -0700 I'd like to thank Gernot for his comments and would suggest to wait a little bit for other comments as well before I put a longer rejoinder on the network. Well, of course I do not believe in agents. The sheer economic might of accumulated savings in Germany (just walk arround Starnberg with open eyes) would suggest that these 4000 to 5000 billion Marks would quickly switch into the $, should the Euro be weak. For the French, their own elites would probably do the same. The very same day, that we heard 3.0% = 3.0 % (or perhaps not, after all) again in the news, Frankfurter Allgemeine carried a neat little advertisement by Deutsche Bank: now Dollar savings in Germany. I can only advise anybody to do the same Kind regards Arno Tausch ---------- > From: Gernot Kohler > To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK > Subject: Arno Tausch - Debating Euro-Monetarism > Date: Mittwoch, 02. Juli 1997 17:15 > > A comment on Arno Tausch's recent posting "EURO-monetarism and the future > of world capitalist currency reserves". > > I found your paper very interesting and agreeable from a left-Keynesian > ("post-Keynesian") point of view. You also refer to one of the > intellectual ancestors of left-Keynesianism, namely, Kalecki. Very nice. > What I found interesting is that Samir Amin's Marxism and your > "socio-liberalism" appear to be highly convergent with respect to the > analysis of Europe. (This reminds me af an historical parallel--Hobson's > theory of imperialism and socialist theories of imperialism had many > similarities -- yet, Hobson was a liberal.) > > I am wondering why, with a majority of EU-country governments being > centre-left at this time, they do not change the Maastricht criteria. > Does one have to blame an "agent" (notably, the conservatives governing > Germany) or a "structure" (the capitalist world system) or, likely, both? > > Regards, > Gernot Kohler > Sheridan College > Oakville, Ontario, Canada From chriscd@jhu.edu Thu Jul 3 07:29:20 1997 03 Jul 1997 09:28:40 -0400 (EDT) 03 Jul 1997 09:28:11 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 03 Jul 1997 09:27:15 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: bergesen's asa session and gunder's new book To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu re Al Bergesen's announcement of the ASA session on rethinking eurocentric social science, an abstract and table of contents of Andre Gunder Frank's forthcoming book _ReORIENT: GLOBAL ECONOMY IN THE ASIAN AGE_ (University of California Press forthcoming) is available near the bottom of Gunder's web page at http://csf.colorado.edu/wsystems/archive/bios/gunder/gunder97cd.html I have been avoiding more daunting tasks by upgrading the contents and form of the World-Systems Archive at http://csf.colorado.edu/wsystems/wsarch.html it now contains links to the Fernand Braudel Center web site, the ASA PEWS website, homepages of some world-systems scholars, an updated list of Mark Selden's three book series (Asia Rising; Socialism and Social Movements; and Modern Japan) http://csf.colorado.edu/wsystems/archive/bookseries/bookseries.htm and Gunder's syllabus for a seminar on "Macrosociology, Political Institutions and the State." http://csf.colorado.edu/wsystems/archive/syllabi/gundersem.htm Check it out, and send me new and updated material for inclusion on the Archive. chris From chriscd@jhu.edu Thu Jul 3 07:52:23 1997 03 Jul 1997 09:51:49 -0400 (EDT) 03 Jul 1997 09:51:13 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 03 Jul 1997 09:50:17 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: ASA session and World-Systems Archive To: OWENJACK@FS.isu.edu, wsn@csf.colorado.edu immanuel wallerstein , giovanni arrighi , chriscd@jhu.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu References: <3184477285C@FS.ISU.EDU> re jack owens suggestion of putting up papers for Al Bergesen's American Sociological Association (ASA) session in Toronto on the World-Systems Archive. good idea. participants please send me your materials. along this line i should mention another ASA session that I have organized under the auspices of the Political Economy of the World-system section (PEWS). The title of the panel is "The World Polity Perspective: Global Institutions and Global Culture." This panel focusses on the world polity perspective developed by John Meyer and his colleagues. Participants will be John Meyer, Giovanni Arrighi, Terry Boswell and Immanuel Wallerstein. A background paper for the session is John Meyer's "Changing cultural content of the nation-state," which is available from gopher://csf.Colorado.EDU:70/11/wsystems/papers/meyer_john_w Another paper that is relevant for understanding the world polity perspective is John Boli and George M. Thomas, "World culture in the world polity" _American Sociological Review_ 62,2:171-190 (April 1997). This session will be on Monday, August 11 at 10:30 am. chris From wwagar@binghamton.edu Thu Jul 3 10:20:55 1997 From: wwagar@binghamton.edu Date: Thu, 3 Jul 1997 12:22:11 -0400 (EDT) To: "Richard K. Moore" Subject: re: genes, races, propaganda, science In-Reply-To: Dear Richard and All, You are different from me, my first son is different from my second son, my wife's family is (collectively) different from my mother's family, women are different from men, adults are different from children, Americans are different from Tibetans, persons of predominantly African descent are different from persons of predominantly Maori descent, diversity means difference, and anybody who calls you a racist because you may have biological, cultural, and experiential evidence of differences between individuals and groups of people is guilty of--to embroider on Orwell--Unthink. As you say, Richard, this is a channel for people with a professional interest in social science. It is not [regrettably] a channel for activists. It should certainly not be a channel for the indignant propagation of "politically correct" pieties. I agree with everything you say in today's post. No one ever got past an obstacle in her/his path by pretending it wasn't there. Warren From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Thu Jul 3 13:50:40 1997 id PAA04857; Thu, 3 Jul 1997 15:50:36 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 3 Jul 1997 15:50:24 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: wwagar@binghamton.edu Subject: re: genes, races, propaganda, science In-Reply-To: List, Seems this list has acquired a reactionary element. Those of us who bring to the attention of others that the construct of biological race is a scientific nonreality, that its invention was born in ignorance and exploitative relations, and that continued attempts to reassert its ontology perpetuate racism--we are "politically correct." This post of Warren's reads like something from the National Review editorial pages. So those who press on that we live on an elliptic sphere are "politically correct"? Or are we only "politically correct" when our pointing out of scientific facts (or the lack of scientific facts) coincides with an activism against oppression? Or is there really a difference, seeing how the round earthers discoveries threatened the authority of oppressors? In your post you have said this: "No one ever got past an obstacle in her/his path by pretending it wasn't there." This assertion, in the context of your post, carries several implications. First, you are asserting the existence of biological race (since this is what this argument is about). Second, you are asserting that those who point out that there is no objective basis for biological race are pretending it isn't really there. Third, that pretending that something really isn't there, even when there is no proof of its existence, is being in a state of "political correctness." "Political correctness" being used here to accuse all of us on the other side as denying necessary truths when those truths don't please us or stymie us in our activist struggles. Fourth, that biological race is a barrier that must be understood in order to overcome it. Or is this last point an assertion that scientists must overcome their resistance to the nonexistence of biological race so that they can... what? Andrew Austin From timber@ksu.edu Thu Jul 3 15:59:12 1997 for ; Thu, 3 Jul 1997 16:59:01 -0500 (CDT) Date: Thu, 3 Jul 1997 16:58:59 -0500 (CDT) From: Michael F Timberlake Subject: Is race a world-system issue? In-Reply-To: For those of you who have taken off on "race" and racism, might I suggest a couple of recent publications that I've found interesting and useful. Might I also suggest not discussing the issue much more on the wsn? (Though, being pretty much a wsn voyeur rather than participant, I guess I'm skating on thin ice here.) Malcolm Gladwell, "The sports taboo: could it be that Blacks excel at sports because they are black." _The New Yorker Magazine_. May 19, 1997. I have no idea what Gladwell's scholarly credentials are. He indicates in the text that he is African or West Indian Canadian and a former junior champion middle distance runner, though. His discussion concerns the role of culture, stratification, "personality" (in a social psychological sense), environment, and genetics. He asserts that to the extent genetic differences are involved in "racial" differences, it is probably not due to the preponderence of "traits" within different "racial" groups, but differences in the degree of genetic variation across groups--that is, it's likely to be a variance issue rather than a central tendency issue... Interesting, but far from what wsn should be about, as is much of the current discussion. Eduardo Bonilla-Silva, "Rethinking racism: toward a structural interpretation." _The American Sociological Review_, vol. 62 (June): 465-480. "Because all kinds of racial matters have been explained as a product of racism, I propose the more general concept of _racialized social systems_ as the starting point for an alternative framework. This term refers to societies in which economic, political, social and idoelogical levels are partially structured by the placement of actors in racial categories or races....(which are)...always socially rather than biologically basesd. These systems are structured partially by race because modern social systems articulate two or more forms of hierarchical patterns" (p. 469). "In my view, we can speak of racialized orders only when a racial discourse is accompanied by social relations of subordination and superordination between the races. The available evidence suggests that racialized social orders emerged after the imperialist expansion of Europe to the New World and Africa" (p. 473). This is an interesting and useful article on racism. It has an extensive list of references, though I was disappointed to see too little attention to some of the explicitly world-system "takes" on this. For example the last sentence quoted above missed the chance to link with Tom Hall's book on the Southwest. Again, my vote is to discontinue the racial differences exchange unless people really do think it illuminates world-system processes, and if they do then be explicit about how. From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Thu Jul 3 16:52:20 1997 Date: Thu, 3 Jul 1997 18:52:02 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: Michael F Timberlake Subject: Re: Is race a world-system issue? In-Reply-To: Michael, I think racism is central to discussions of the capitalist world system. This discussion has historiographical merit; the expansion of the bourgeois productive modality in part operated through racism. The discussion helps us understand the present. The justification for continued exploitation of people in the South, in the periphery, is still in part justified by racism. The current surge of scientific racism reflects the needs of capitalists to restructure the social structures of accumulation internal to nation-states and to reconstitute the interstate system along transnational lines. Ideologies of racial and gender inequality legitimate the dissolution of social structures that present as barriers to the expansion of capital, suppressing accumulation and the integration of the global division of labor. The recent stream of racist publications in the US, for example, have been directly applied to the effort to dismantle affirmative action and other worker protections; these works have been produced by the same organizations. The recent move of many sociologists, some on this channel, away from sociological and dialectical thinking and towards individualistic and racialist conceptions of economic and social order is a reflection of the power of the bourgeoisie to reorient intellectual production under concerted efforts. Therefore, a discussion of racist arguments on this channel are quite relevant on several levels. And a refutation of them could not come at a more critical juncture. Andrew Austin From rkmoore@iol.ie Thu Jul 3 20:20:10 1997 Date: Fri, 4 Jul 1997 03:20:03 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: re: genes, races, propaganda, science 7/03/97, Andrew Wayne Austin wrote: >Those of us who bring >to the attention of others that the construct of biological race is a >scientific nonreality, that its invention was born in ignorance and >exploitative relations, and that continued attempts to reassert its >ontology perpetuate racism--we are "politically correct." My dictionary (too old, it seems, to notate the entry as "folklore") defines "race": A local geographic or global human population distinguished as a more or less distinct group by genetically transmitted physical charactristics. If you can't acknowledge the obvious existence of this phenomenon, at least in relatively isolated communities (Eskimos?), then you're either deaf, dumb, and blind or else suffering from compulsive ideology disorder. I suspect the latter, but I'm open to a diagnosis of multiple advanced diseases. If you want to continue the discussion of race per-se, then let me say "I've heard you": you happen to believe that THE ACADEMY has pronounced the end of races. Fine, no need to repeat that. The Academy has been wrong before, will be wrong again, and in the hands of corporate funders seems to be making a profession of selling fabricated results to propaganda buyers. (eg- "there's no conclusive proof that acid-rain is harmful", or something close to that, not to mention non-sense about a "crime gene"). How about some simple summary prose about "the fallacy of racism"? I'm open to hear it, I've seen the "obvious" demolished before my eyes in the past and am always willing to learn. But please no more appeals to remote authority. >You often regurgitate conventional piety in an unthinking >manner >I don't have much faith that this post will be met >with the understanding of a twice-born individual For chrissake, gimmea break Andrew. If anyone is so regurgitating, and if anyone needs to be open to understanding, I yield to you in priority of need. Are you constitutionally incapable of addressing issues without descending into personal attack? --- >activism against oppression Obviously your passion here is political propaganda, not open scientific investigation. Nothing wrong with that, we certainly need more effective counter-propaganda to the mainstream neoliberal-culturalist-racist-imperialist line. We may have an excess of academics, but we don't have an excess of progressive propagandists, agenda setters, or leaders. More power to you. But allow me to suggest that you're wasting your energy on this topic if you really want to do something about the ravages of racism. To a non-racist, there's no need to prove there aren't any races - he or she isn't the real problem. To a racist, you're simply a babbling fool - he or she "knows" there are races, "knows" some of them are inferior, etc. Who are you trying to convince, and why? What's your strategy? >Ideologies of racial and gender >inequality legitimate the dissolution of social structures that present as >barriers to the expansion of capital, suppressing accumulation and the >integration of the global division of labor. The recent stream of racist >publications in the US, for example, have been directly applied to the >effort to dismantle affirmative action and other worker protections; these >works have been produced by the same organizations. There was once a village which was regularly raided by bandits, who would always enter through a certain pass, descending to their task. The village was resigned to its fate and thought not in terms of resistance. One day a rare leader arose, with great effort roused the people to collective action, and built a wall of spikes across the pass. Much celebration of victory followed, and many casks of wine enjoyed. Unfortunately, when the bandits saw the spikes, they simply shrugged, shifted course, and entered by another route, not even angered by the trivial diversion. - channeled by the author from an ancient Afghan sage This yes/no race question is but a segment of the substance of a single spike in the wall against elite propaganda. Such maginot lines - even if unanimously upheld by academics - are no match for today's adroit, adaptive, subliminal, focus-group enhanced media tactics. If you want to counter the individual thrusts, get out in the front lines and counter the presented arguments - which aren't typically overtly racist, and are more easily refuted on their face. If you want to counter the main body of attack, then focus on neoliberal ideology itself, and perhaps emphasize that it's old wine in new casks, and of a vintage that's been thoroughly discredited by previous generations of drinkers. rkm From joseph@indigo.ie Fri Jul 4 02:55:04 1997 for ; Fri, 4 Jul 1997 09:55:00 +0100 (BST) for ; Fri, 4 Jul 1997 09:54:58 +0100 (BST) From: "Karl Carlile" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Fri, 4 Jul 1997 09:54:15 +0000 Subject: Feminism is sexist? Comrades, While having a mug of coffee I thought to myself that much of what is regarded as progressive feminism is essentially sexist and separatist. It is quite common for many feminists to make general criticisms of men as a gender. Yet if a man was to make critical comments about women as a gender he would be castigated by much of feminism as sexist. It seems to me that much of the the generalities of a critical nature made about men as a gender have a sexist character to them. It would therefore seem that much of the so called feminist movement is sexist and seeks to create a reactionary polarization within the working class along gender lines thereby reinforcing division within the working class. This in turn sustains the politically weak nature of the working class. In short sexism is prevalent both among men and women. Karl Yours etc., Karl From dpml@hotmail.com Fri Jul 4 04:33:31 1997 Fri, 4 Jul 1997 03:33:29 -0700 (PDT) X-Originating-IP: [198.93.234.186] From: "Parthasarathy Devanathan" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: Re: Is race a world-system issue? Date: Fri, 04 Jul 1997 03:33:25 PDT For those who are interested in discussing the centrality of race and racism to world systems and analysis, and whether racism is amenable to world systems analysis, here are are two references by Wallerstein which may be interesting. 1. "Class Formation in the Capitalist World-Economy", Politics and Society, 5, 3, 1975, 367-75. 2. Class and Status in Contemporary Africa", in Gutkind and Waterman ed., African Social Studies, Heinemann, London, 1977. Wallerstein argues that problems in the analysis of what he terms "ethno-nations" or status groups arise because of adopting the nation state rather than the world-system as the unit of analysis. For him race, ethnicity, nationality etc. are "phenomena of the world-economy". The meaning of ethnic or racial consciousness is different in the core and peripheral areas since they have different class positions wherever they are located. Ethnicity and race become important when groups try to influence the state to distort the working of the world market in their favour. Race for Wallerstein is an "international status group category" which assists in the maintenance of the "international class structure". In making a basic distinction between international and national status groups, Wallerstein also distinguishes between whites and non-whites; white refers to the advanced capitalist nations while non-white refers to the "proletarian nations; there is only one white race, while there are a number of non-whites. D.Parthasarathy Socioeconomics and Politics Division International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics Patancheru, India. _______________________________________________________ Get Private Web-Based Email Free http://www.hotmail.com From rkmoore@iol.ie Fri Jul 4 11:46:35 1997 Date: Fri, 4 Jul 1997 18:46:26 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: An interesting question (fwd/ ipe) --- forwarded message --- Date: Fri, 4 Jul 1997 From: T.H.Nguyen@sussex.ac.uk (Thanh Nguyen) To: INTERNATIONAL POLITICAL ECONOMY Can any one tell me examples of successful structural adjustment as a result of harsh measures prescribed by the World Bank and IMF? Was economic devastation and failure in countries like the Philippines (before 1993, to the least) and mMexico largely due to the prior-adjustment heavy indebtedness? I'm asking these because I want to see the impact of liberalisation on small, weak economies. Sorry if my questions sound naive, as I started reading into IPE question not long time ago, also I just have about 5-6 week experience with the net. Cheers, Nguyen Thanh Huong MA student in International Relations From 70671.2032@CompuServe.COM Fri Jul 4 15:47:29 1997 for wsn@csf.colorado.edu; Fri, 4 Jul 1997 17:47:26 -0400 (EDT) Date: 04 Jul 97 17:45:28 EDT From: "James M. Blaut" <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> To: world systems network Subject: -ism not -ist I'm sure that Richard Moore is not a racist. But all of us have internalized racist beliefs -- this is a racist society! -- and we try our best to get rid of them, sometimes needing a bit of help from our friends. A racist BELIEF is a factual proposition or theory that states some inferiority of one racial group over another and is FALSE. We now know that the belief that some populations of human beings (races, etc.) have innate mental capacities that are inferior to those of other populations is scientifically false. This includes inventiveness, innovativeness, creativity, mathematical ability, artistic ability, scientific ability, etc., etc., etc. Individuals differ in some of these ways, but large aggregate populations do not. "IQ" does not measure intelligence -- a quality that nobody has been able to define, much less elicit -- but, rather, it differentiates only among individuals within a group of people, of whatever age, who have had essentially the same life-experiences and opportunities. Even within a group like "white males" an IQ score mainly tells you what the family income is. In California, IQ tests have been banned -- thanks to an anti-racist campaign and successful lawsuit -- in schools as a (false) measure from which the school system had been deciding where to place (and "track") a child. In Boston, around 1970, Latino 6-yrear-olds who spoke no English were tested and -- guess what? -- found to be "retarded." Boston didn't have enough places for them in "special schools" so about 30,000 young Latino children at one time didn't go to school at all because they were falsely declared to be retarded! At my univeristy, Latino appliucants were being rejected on the basis of test scores (ACT/SAT) although we had proven statistically that these tests did not predict anything about Latino students' success in school -- in fact there was a slight (and insignificant) negative correlation between ACT score and probabilty of later success (graduation rate). Those who keep telling us that the above is not true sometimes are just misinformed, not having seen the reasoning and evidence. Sometimes they are plain racists. Murray is and Herrnstein was a plain racist. Their supposed evidence is in part fabricated, in part discredited, and in part slyly -- because this is deliberate racism -- twisted to seem to say something racist. Their book, *The Bell Curve* was promoted to the skies...by racists, and by those who found it useful to spread the belief that African-Americans and other minorities in the US should be stomped on, by withdrawing programs that equalize educational and employment oppportunity, that provide life support for people who are unable to find work, or are disabled, or whatever. (That is the US of A today -- I am writing this, appropriately, on the Fourth of July, Independence Day.) I posted the snippet on "very moderate racism" (from my book) in order to make a specific point. Richard Moore had asserted, in essence, that intellectual abilities of the different races are only SLIGHTLY different, and therefore they provide no basis for judging individuals. Richard does not know tbat this precise argument has been used over and over in the social sciences to convey the belief that you can continue to build theories about the historical inferiority of non-whites and about the inferiority of contemporary non-white groups in a society, and still think of yourself as unprejudiced. This is a very serious obstacle to building a non-Eurocentric social science. Is race a proper subject for discussion on this list? World-system theorists have argued that some of the differentiation among parts of the world-system are phenotypic designations, typically, races. Wallerstein discussed the way different races get slotted into different regional and social segments of the work force -- in slavery days and still today. Moreover, reduction of causality to psychological qualities -- that is, neglecting social forces -- is, broadly speaqking, an opposing argument form world-system and Marxist positions. Sometimes -- not always -- the postulated psychological differences are claimed to be race-based. Racism is the worst form of psychological reductionism. (This is why I asked dlj whether his postuled tendency-toward-violence of Europeans was "in the genes." Happily, he said no.) And nobody should hide behind the notion that races are not real but "constructed." Yes, you can call them constructed if you allow the process to have taken hundreds of years. But postmodernists are trying to tell us (sometimes) that racism is kind of silly and easily gootten rid of because races are just "constructed," not real. Bullshit. Jim Blaut From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Fri Jul 4 22:37:28 1997 Date: Sat, 5 Jul 1997 00:37:01 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin Reply-To: Andrew Wayne Austin To: "Richard K. Moore" Subject: Re: genes & racism In-Reply-To: [This is the full post I wrote the list initially on this matter. I postponed it and cut most of it out--actually, I cut all of it out except my pithy statement regarding round earthers--because I did not think it was necessary to go through the motions of refuting the concept of biological race. I have decided to send it to the list in light of recent posts. This post makes some general comments and points to some resources that Richard and others may find useful. I apologize for the disorganization of the contents, but I don't have time to edit the post. I have little doubt that my statements on this matter will draw fire from "conservative ideologues who rail against the largely bogus ogre of suffocating political correctness" (to quote Gould).] Richard, There is no scientific evidence that there are "races" among Homo sapiens. "Race" is a social construct with no objective biological (genetic, or otherwise) basis. It is a reification left over from the early daze of "science," and there is clear evidence that its purpose was ultimately in the service of legitimating colonialism abroad and discrimination at home. What is more, scientific racism has been rekindled recently for the same reasons. For succinct histories of scientific racism and the current state-of-the-art see William H. Tucker's 1994 *The Science and Politics of Racial Research*; collected articles and essays in *The Bell Curve Debate*, edited by Jacoby and Glauberman (1995) and *The Bell Curve Wars* (1995), edited by Fraser; and, above all, Stephen Jay Gould's 1981 *The Mismeasure of Man* and his 1994 article "Curveball" in the *New Yorker*. I have spent considerable time looking at this issue, but I don't have considerable time to hammer out a lengthy post on the matter. I want to suggest a couple more books to read, and then I have just a few short comments to make. Around the same time as the *Bell Curve*, the massive *The History and Geography of Human Genes* (Princeton University Press), by Luigi Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Paolo Menozzi and Alberto Piazza, was published. Predictably, the book received little attention. The book concludes something like 16 years of genetic population studies. The research was both primary data analysis (DNA testing) and secondary data analysis (they pulled together 50 years of blood-sampling studies--a metaanalysis, if your will) to produce a genetic map of the world. I am not going to review the book, but of note, since Richard brings up the notion of bell curves, is Cavalli-Sforza's comments regarding the *Bell Curve*. He noted that the authors excluded evidence that empirically emptied their concepts (and, although he didn't say it, that includes their measure of intelligence-- Gould fairly devastates this matter). Cavalli-Sforza called it "very bad science." Interestingly, I think, is that Cavalli-Sforza heads up the controversial Human Genome Diversity Project. For those of you who are not familiar with this work, it seeks to document migration patterns with a side goal of finding, more or less, isolated genetic pools. As they are finding, and this is significant for world systems research, is that human and prehuman hominid populations have been migrating since the dawn of their respective genus and species. One important conclusion found by Cavalli-Sforza's book is strong confimration that agriculture began independently in three places in the world, in the Middle East, in Asia, and in Central America. What must be stressed in this mention of Cavalli-Sforza et al.'s book is that these genetic lineages are not groupable into racial differences. For example, the range in genetic variation between African blacks and European whites is much slighter than the range of genetic variation between African blacks and Australian blacks. This is because the range of diversity in gene pools reflects genetic spatiotemporal distancing (what might be called adaptive radiation if the differences were great, but they're not), whereas superficial physical features likely to be defined as racial features by Westerners represent climatic adaptations. It is a major problem for scientific racism to account for how their racial categories, whether they claim only three or 200 (according to anthropologist Michael Alan Park in 1986 there were 4.8 billion different racial types--now of course this number needs to be increase to over 5 billion!): how it is that blacks in two parts of the world can be more genetically distant than blacks and whites who live next door to each other? (Of course, the answer is obvious once you lose the concept of biological race--"race" actually obfuscates matters of variation among populations.) Cavalli-Sforza et al.'s research, along with a wealth of research by others, has led physical anthropologists and geneticists all around the world to abandon the concept of biological race. A representative case can be found in the *Chronicle of Higher Education* (February 17, 1995), "Penn Anthropologists Declare No Biological Basis to Race." The piece follows Solomon Katz's talk at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). "With a better understanding of genetics, he explained that visual distinctions have no correspondence to distinct human gene pools. Humans have migrated so widely and continuously that trying to classify them and draw a correlation to behavioral traits proves futile." His conclusion is that "scientific study of race should be abandoned; it isn't the key to human variations." Katz did acknowledge that the construct of race has cultural significance (obviously) but that "as a biological concept, race is no longer useful. In a sense, we've outgrown it." I single out this example because at this meeting, Katz delivered the American Association of Physical Anthropologists (AAPA) declaration on race. Let me quote the article: "It stated all human beings belong to one species, Homo sapiens, with a common descent; pure races (i.e., genetically homogeneous populations) do not exist and there is no evidence that they ever did exist; hereditary potentials for intelligence and cultural development do not differ among human populations and there is no hereditary justification for considering any population superior." Again, because constant and widespread migration is a common feature to hominids, particularly the genus Homo, hominid populations cannot be classified according to to race. As Park notes, race is a "folk taxonomy." To give you a feel for the general mood of anthropologists out there, in a very good textbook on Human evolution by Weiss and Mann (*Human Biology and Behavior*) the authors write that the "typologist's definition of race has now been rendered obsolete in biological anthropology, but lingers on in the way most people think of human variation. We tend to think of an American white, black, Arab, or Jew as looking or behaving a certain way. When doing so, we are creating stereotypes." "Stereotypes are created for a purpose. By classifying all members of a group as being greedy, or brilliant, we generally are supporting some economic or sociopolitical ideology, though we may try to support the stereotype with 'science'." The text goes on to note examples where is "it is apparent that the concept of race fails to fit biological reality." Thus, the concept of race as a biological ontology has been rendered generally obsolete by population research and generally rejected by biological anthropologists for both lack of evidence and clear evidence against its existence (such as intragroup genetic variation outstripping intergroup genetic variation, range of variation among climatically and geographically differentiated, or otherwise segregated and/or adaptive populations only determining superficial characteristics, such as skin, hair, eye color, etc.) Furthermore, it is racist to believe that superficial traits in human populations are the cause of differential behavioral modalities. We call this *stereotyping*. The purpose of race, as I mentioned above (i.e., race as an social organizing principle), is to lend scientific legitimacy to prejudice and discrimination. Thus the ideology of racism is, in the age of scientific-rationality, intimately linked to the concept of biological race (in other words, religious arguments, such as the Tower of Babel story, simply don't cut it anymore). In my view, the only science involved vis-a-vis race is the refutation of race by the scientific community (although you may rightly reject my appeal to the scientific community). Now, I should note that there are some "scientists" who still use the concept; I don't want to seem one-sided. Richard Lynn, Philippe Rushton, Arthur Jenson, and other Pioneer Fundees (as well as Nazis, white supremacists, etc.) will happily tell you about the civilization builders (caucasoids), civilization maintainers (the mongoloids), and the civilization destroyers (negroids). Rushton, for example, with tell you all about how the big genitalia of black men can be explained by their small cranium size: blacks have to breed like rabbits to make up for the greater likelihood that they will walk over a cliff due to their stupidity. This is typical of the "measurers of man" (to paraphrase Gould). They have their own journals in which to publish this stuff (*The Mankind Quarterly*, for example), but they also publish in some mainstream psych journals (psychology is rather unconscious about the racists in their midst). They also have their own press, the Scott-something press (I can't remember it exactly--both the MQ and the press are run by neoNazi Roger Pearson, who used to be on the editorial board for the Heritage Foundation and is still associated with rightwing think tanks. Another of Pearson journals was one of Reagan's favorites, can't remember the title now, for which Reagan personally thanks Pearson for the good work Pearson was doing--oh, Pearson headed up the WACL for awhile--for an expose of all of this mess see Bellant's *Old Nazis, the New Right, and the Republican Party*). Incidentally, the *Bell Curve* is in large measure based on the "groundbreaking" research presented by such individuals (check the bibliography). It is, in my view, and I think this is quite a moderate position, reactionary to continue to hold to the concept of biological race when there is (a) no evidence for it, (b) clear evidence against it, and (c) the use of the construct harms human beings (remember, the fourth spoke on the wheel of science is ETHICS). I am, quite frankly, surprised that anybody in this day and age even remotely familiar with genetics and physiological anthropology would cling to such a myth. But then I assume too much. Richard, your assertion of the necessity of race to the understanding human evolution and human potential seems to suggest that you lay some sort of knowledge of the literature. I don't think you do. So I hope my post helps you find other points of view on the matter. To put it bluntly, your assertion that those of us who have looked over the data and recognize the falsity of biological "races" is "overreaction" is the equivalent of claiming that those of us who understand the world to be round have jumped the gun. The construct of biological race belongs to the realm of flat earth. Let's leave it there once and for all. What concerns me is your staunch defense of human nature, which you have argued in the past plays a determinative role in social production. If you hold that there are different racial types of human beings, then it follows that they have different natures. And if human nature plays a role in determining society, then different natures determine different types of societies. So we have on our hands, at least by logical extension of the basic premises, a racial explanation for cultural variation. This is very troubling indeed. Respectfully, Andrew Austin From gsswork@uwichill.edu.bb Sat Jul 5 08:26:34 1997 by tropics.uwichill.edu.bb (post.office MTA v2.0 0813 Date: Sat, 05 Jul 1997 10:28:13 -0400 From: gsswork@uwichill.edu.bb (Dept. of Government, Sociology & Social Work) To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: Genes & racism -- Resurgent Modes of Thinking ?? References: I agree with Austin's last post, which brought some sober reflection on this `heat' being generated on the wsn list. There really are no scientifically grounded markers on race as a biological category. And to extrapolate from the inconclusive to make a solid case of `racial difference' is to unwittingly reproduce errors in conceptualisation. We may need to consider the signal political consequence of race as a social construct: how race and ethnicty become less a relation among "us" as a difference `we' have with "them". Such impulses I guess have led to a (re)igniting of the nationalist imagination, but we are also aware of the destructive bent associated with this. Here I wish to offer an observation that perhaps may stimulate debate/clarifications. Bergesen did make a comment quite a while back that it is in the latter years of the B phase (coincident with a deconsolidating hegemonic phase), that we witness challenges to orthodox scientific thought, and hegemonic modes of thinking. We may add that in the backwash of such intellectual upheaval reappears old conservative ideologies, sometimes xenophobic, racist, or exceptionalist in character. These compete within the same space with deconstructivist theoretical efforts (post-modernism, post-structuralism, post-positivism). At the moment it does appear that ethnocentrism is ascendant especially when we consider the all-out neoliberal counsel emanating from core-based multilateral institutions, and the glib of globalisation which really is chunks of modernisation theory being peddled all over again. Yes modernisation theory has rebounded and with it some of its crudest elements. What do you think? Got to go. Don D. Marshall Department of Government, Sociology & Social Work University of the West Indies. Barbados. From rkmoore@iol.ie Sat Jul 5 08:36:06 1997 Date: Sat, 5 Jul 1997 15:35:48 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: Re: racism, sexism 7/04/97, Karl Carlile wrote: >In short sexism is prevalent both among men and women. In other words, the proof is in the pudding - sexism (or racism) is about action more than about rhetoric. Feminists may have all the correct rhetoric of anti-sexism, yet be an agent of sexism. The essential truth about a racist or sexist is that they have an agenda of discriminating for or against some group of people - the ratonalizations for their behavior may be secondary, and may fluctuate to keep up with currently popular notions. Thus a racist might buy into the notion that races don't exist, yet continue his discriminatory behavior with new rhetoric, such as "I don't want individuals from culturally deprived communities moving in next to me or marrying my daughter". The rationalization is not the center of the beast - it's only a discardable cloak. Anti-racist/sexist advocacy, it seems, needs to respond directly to the behaviors and agendas of the perps, and the conditions of the victims. In that sense preferential-hiring has a sound theoretical anti-racist basis, even if individual measures may or may not be written as good law. 7/04/97, Parthasarathy Devanathan wrote: >Wallerstein also distinguishes between whites and non-whites; >white refers to the advanced capitalist nations while non-white refers >to the "proletarian nations; there is only one white race, while there >are a number of non-whites. With imperialism, the essential transaction is, in approximation, Euro nations exploiting others. Race is a serendipitous characteristic that happens, more or less, to distinguish the parties. Hence, racism has typically been exploited in war-rousing public rhetoric ("Have you killed a Jap today?" - WW II Newsreel about munitions plants) and as an aggression-rouser for troops in the field ("The only good injun is a dead injun"). Racism here is a tool of the agenda, not a cause of the agenda. It's a convenient rationalizer, but others are available if it falters. Hence in the anti-racist 60s climate, Vietmamese weren't racially demonized in the US press, only communist-demonized. --- 7/05/97, Andrew Wayne Austin wrote: >What must be stressed in this mention of Cavalli-Sforza et al.'s book is >that these genetic lineages are not groupable into racial differences. For >example, the range in genetic variation between African blacks and >European whites is much slighter than the range of genetic variation >between African blacks and Australian blacks. Maybe part of this debate has been terminology. ** I DON'T believe in race, if what you mean by that is an attempt to divide the whole species into a few grand ethnic categories ** And I never in a million years would have presumed Australian Aborigines were ethnically close to Africans - I'd look more to Poynesia for relatives. I simply agree with Cavalli-Sforza that identifiable genetic lineages exist. And of course "spatiotemporal distancing" would be a more significant factor than skin tone in tracing lineages. rkm From joseph@indigo.ie Sat Jul 5 13:27:08 1997 for ; Sat, 5 Jul 1997 20:27:04 +0100 (BST) for ; Sat, 5 Jul 1997 20:27:01 +0100 (BST) From: "Karl Carlile" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Sat, 5 Jul 1997 20:26:15 +0000 Subject: Re: racism, sexism KARL: Hi Richard! Just a quick off the cuff message. Whats the weather like in Wexford. It has been dreadful in the capital. RICHARD: In other words, the proof is in the pudding - sexism (or racism) is about action more than about rhetoric. Feminists may have all the correct rhetoric of anti-sexism, yet be an agent of sexism. KARL: I dont think I can go along with this Richard. The rhetoric and the action are inseparably integrated with each other. The point is that many feminists dont have "all the correct rhetoric of anti-sexism". This is just the problem. It is their rhetoric that is sexist, an inseparable expression of their sexism. The point I am making is that much of feminism is sexist both in its language and corresponding politics. It is a sexism that has men as its immeidate target but ultimaley women. By reinforcing divisions along gender lines their anti-male sexism reinforces division among the working masses along these same lines and consequently weakens the working class on the political plane. Essentially this militates against the interests of working class women and thereby women as a whole. In this way separatist feminism is sexist against both men and women. It is a reationary ideology that needs exposure. _________________________________________ On 5 Jul 97 at 15:35, Richard K. Moore wrote: In other words, the proof is in the pudding - sexism (or racism) is about action more than about rhetoric. Feminists may have all the correct rhetoric of anti-sexism, yet be an agent of sexism. The essential truth about a racist or sexist is that they have an agenda of discriminating for or against some group of people - the ratonalizations for their behavior may be secondary, and may fluctuate to keep up with currently popular notions. Thus a racist might buy into the notion that races don't exist, yet continue his discriminatory behavior with new rhetoric, such as "I don't want individuals from culturally deprived communities moving in next to me or marrying my daughter". The rationalization is not the center of the beast - it's only a discardable cloak. Anti-racist/sexist advocacy, it seems, needs to respond directly to the behaviors and agendas of the perps, and the conditions of the victims. In that sense preferential-hiring has a sound theoretical anti-racist basis, even if individual measures may or may not be written as good law. 7/04/97, Parthasarathy Devanathan wrote: >Wallerstein also distinguishes between whites and non-whites; >white refers to the advanced capitalist nations while non-white refers >to the "proletarian nations; there is only one white race, while there >are a number of non-whites. With imperialism, the essential transaction is, in approximation, Euro nations exploiting others. Race is a serendipitous characteristic that happens, more or less, to distinguish the parties. Hence, racism has typically been exploited in war-rousing public rhetoric ("Have you killed a Jap today?" - WW II Newsreel about munitions plants) and as an aggression-rouser for troops in the field ("The only good injun is a dead injun"). Racism here is a tool of the agenda, not a cause of the agenda. It's a convenient rationalizer, but others are available if it falters. Hence in the anti-racist 60s climate, Vietmamese weren't racially demonized in the US press, only communist-demonized. --- 7/05/97, Andrew Wayne Austin wrote: >What must be stressed in this mention of Cavalli-Sforza et al.'s book >is that these genetic lineages are not groupable into racial >differences. For example, the range in genetic variation between >African blacks and European whites is much slighter than the range of >genetic variation between African blacks and Australian blacks. Maybe part of this debate has been terminology. ** I DON'T believe in race, if what you mean by that is an attempt to divide the whole species into a few grand ethnic categories ** And I never in a million years would have presumed Australian Aborigines were ethnically close to Africans - I'd look more to Poynesia for relatives. I simply agree with Cavalli-Sforza that identifiable genetic lineages exist. And of course "spatiotemporal distancing" would be a more significant factor than skin tone in tracing lineages. rkm From dlj@inforamp.net Sat Jul 5 19:46:54 1997 by mail.istar.ca with esmtp (Exim 1.62 #10) Reply-To: From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: , "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: genes, races, propaganda, science Date: Sat, 5 Jul 1997 21:47:58 -0400 Andrew Wayne Austin writes: > List, > > Seems this list has acquired a reactionary element. Those of us who bring > to the attention of others that the construct of biological race is a > scientific nonreality, that its invention was born in ignorance and > exploitative relations, and that continued attempts to reassert its > ontology perpetuate racism--we are "politically correct." How curious to be lectured on biology by a man whose philosophy gave us Lysenko. A giggle on the side: among Andy's favourite insults (apart from the scatological and pornographic ones he sends out in his private mail) is calling people "idealists." Curiouser and curiouser, then, that critics of the Marxist hero Lysenko were sent to the gulag for the crime of "bourgeois objectivism." This presumably consists of observing, objectively, that plants of the wrong, ahem, strain, don't grow with the Party's ordained fecundity. The great insolence in Andy's note, however, lies in his use of the apparently innocent "bring to the attention of others." Andy has brought nothing to the attention of others. He has no pearls for us. He has a good deal of common lumber, in amongst his filth and insanity, but it is sound lumber that the rest of us have used and built with all along -- while he and his "epigones" and "cadres" were busy destroying. -dlj. From rkmoore@iol.ie Sun Jul 6 04:59:31 1997 Date: Sun, 6 Jul 1997 11:59:20 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: Re: ism's, class consciousness, and SOLIDARITY 7/05/97, Karl Carlile wrote: >The point I am >making is that much of feminism is sexist both in its language and >corresponding politics. ... By reinforcing divisions along gender >lines their anti-male sexism reinforces division among the working >masses along these same lines and consequently weakens the working >class on the political plane. No disagreement with the above. In terms of elite/media-encouraged divide-and-conquer, feminism apparently succumbs on several fronts: Abortion * divides feminists from other women and from "Christians". Men-blaming * divides feminists from men. Bitterness * separates feminists from full collective empowerment. (This is perhaps stereotyping - my apologies to enlightened feminists who may see this discussion as a bunch of typical men blabbing about what they don't understand.) --- What I've been trying to express in several previous messages is that remedying divisiveness is not best approached by focusing on the points of division. Such an approach is "giving the initiative to the enemy (the elite)" and "fighting on the enemy's chosen ground" and "reactive problem solving". The fundamental flaw in reactive problem-solving is that it loses impetus in the face of success, and gains impetus in the face of failure - the energy feedback loop rules out ultimate success but burns up lots of energy in the attempt. We cannot expect a dramatic conceptual breakthrough with abortion or with man-woman relations that will heal the feminist rifts - the more these issues are discussed, the more elaborated become the differences (kind of like my debates with Andrew, which never seem to converge - and we're more open to dialog than are radical feminists or fundamentalist Christians). It's the _debate_ about abortion that keeps the differences alive. And contrary to the apparent hopes of Andrew et al, we cannot expect academic findings about race and ethnicity to sway the National Front, the skinhead, nor the redneck - they aren't listening. --- If our goal is to encourage class solidarity we must focus on building coalition IN SPITE of differences - we must educate the proletariat (so to speak) about who the major enemy really is, what the real stakes are, and focus our message on the shared concerns and interests of the proletariat as a class. We must focus on our positive vision. Transformations come about because of the positive dynamics of a new regime, not because the contradictions of the old regime have been neutralized - they never will be in their own context: their tension is what maintains the old regime. Building solidarity is about building solidarity, not about eliminating differences. Fear is the simplest way to bring people together, and during _threatening_ wars (not Vietnam) enthusiastic national solidarity arises spontaneously (with social conflicts _still unaddressed_). Racist populists use fear to unify one "race" against another (_despite_ ongoing internal conflicts). To some extent fear of corporate globalism is an appropriate proletarian unifier, but it is not enough. The first task may be for people to understand that they _are_ proletarian. One of Malcom X's points was that middle-class Americans are brainwashed into thinking of _themselves_ as capitalists, tricking them into identifying with capitalist interests instead of their own. No wonder they shot him, that's a potent message. But ultimately, success in building solidarity lies in our ability to project a vision of citizen empowerment, of socialist prosperity, of practical sustainable economics, and of democratic social harmony. Forget the 'isms and find our collective strength... in solidarity, rkm From r.deibert@utoronto.ca Sun Jul 6 06:58:25 1997 Date: Sun, 6 Jul 1997 11:58:15 -0400 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu From: "Ronald J. Deibert" Dear WSN'ers: Those of you who have subscribed to the IPENet will recognize the degeneration that is occurring in these exchanges that, not surprisingly, involve the same set of people. As with IPEnet, the substantive contributions from regulars are fast withering. Regards, Ron Deibert Department of Political Science University of Toronto At 09:47 PM 7/5/97 -0400, you wrote: > Andrew Wayne Austin writes: > >> List, >> >> Seems this list has acquired a reactionary element. Those of us who bring >> to the attention of others that the construct of biological race is a >> scientific nonreality, that its invention was born in ignorance and >> exploitative relations, and that continued attempts to reassert its >> ontology perpetuate racism--we are "politically correct." > >How curious to be lectured on biology by a man whose philosophy gave us >Lysenko. > >A giggle on the side: among Andy's favourite insults (apart from the >scatological and pornographic ones he sends out in his private mail) is >calling people "idealists." Curiouser and curiouser, then, that critics of >the Marxist hero Lysenko were sent to the gulag for the crime of "bourgeois >objectivism." This presumably consists of observing, objectively, that >plants of the wrong, ahem, strain, don't grow with the Party's ordained >fecundity. > >The great insolence in Andy's note, however, lies in his use of the >apparently innocent "bring to the attention of others." Andy has brought >nothing to the attention of others. He has no pearls for us. He has a >good deal of common lumber, in amongst his filth and insanity, but it is >sound lumber that the rest of us have used and built with all along -- >while he and his "epigones" and "cadres" were busy destroying. > > -dlj. > > > > > > > From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Sun Jul 6 11:25:44 1997 id NAA05025; Sun, 6 Jul 1997 13:25:38 -0400 (EDT) Date: Sun, 6 Jul 1997 13:25:04 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: "Ronald J. Deibert" Subject: Re: your mail In-Reply-To: <1.5.4.32.19970706155815.006e29e8@mailbox55.utcc.utoronto.ca> List, Ronald, I know exactly what you are getting at. Please do not include the victims of abuse with their abusers as "sets" of people. There is only one person on WSN that was on IPE who degenerates list discussions. As you know, I left IPE because of the constant abuse from this individual, and I stopped responding to this individuals on WSN because some people requested that I not encourage him (although, admittedly, others encouraged me to to go after him). Including the victim of abuse as a set with the abuser and then blaming the set is, in my view, extremely offensive. It is called "victim blaming." The individual who degenerates these list must be especially happy today because his goal of dragging certain people down, those people whom he cannot face on intellectual grounds, has been internalized by others. I apologize for writing a post like this publically, but Ronald wrote this publically, and I only think it fair that I have a chance to defend myself. I wish this would stop. I joined this list (and IPE) for academic discussion only to find myself constantly attacked by a rightwing anticommunist, and then blamed for the tactics of my attacker. I know the majority of us are not so shallow as to not understand what is going on here. And if the purpose is to seem fair by diffusing the blame, let's stop this too, because it is my reputation that suffers. Andrew Austin On Sun, 6 Jul 1997, Ronald J. Deibert wrote: > Dear WSN'ers: > > Those of you who have subscribed to the IPENet will recognize the > degeneration that is occurring in these exchanges that, not surprisingly, > involve the same set of people. > > As with IPEnet, the substantive contributions from regulars are fast > withering. > > Regards, > Ron Deibert > Department of Political Science > University of Toronto > > > > > > > At 09:47 PM 7/5/97 -0400, you wrote: > > Andrew Wayne Austin writes: > > > >> List, > >> > >> Seems this list has acquired a reactionary element. Those of us who bring > >> to the attention of others that the construct of biological race is a > >> scientific nonreality, that its invention was born in ignorance and > >> exploitative relations, and that continued attempts to reassert its > >> ontology perpetuate racism--we are "politically correct." > > > >How curious to be lectured on biology by a man whose philosophy gave us > >Lysenko. > > > >A giggle on the side: among Andy's favourite insults (apart from the > >scatological and pornographic ones he sends out in his private mail) is > >calling people "idealists." Curiouser and curiouser, then, that critics of > >the Marxist hero Lysenko were sent to the gulag for the crime of "bourgeois > >objectivism." This presumably consists of observing, objectively, that > >plants of the wrong, ahem, strain, don't grow with the Party's ordained > >fecundity. > > > >The great insolence in Andy's note, however, lies in his use of the > >apparently innocent "bring to the attention of others." Andy has brought > >nothing to the attention of others. He has no pearls for us. He has a > >good deal of common lumber, in amongst his filth and insanity, but it is > >sound lumber that the rest of us have used and built with all along -- > >while he and his "epigones" and "cadres" were busy destroying. > > > > -dlj. > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > > From shomick@sover.net Sun Jul 6 15:56:14 1997 for ; Sun, 6 Jul 1997 17:56:03 -0400 (EDT) From: "Stephen Homick" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Sun, 6 Jul 1997 18:03:07 -0400 Subject: Re: -ism not -ist In-reply-to: <970704214528_70671.2032_EHM82-1@CompuServe.COM> El 4 Jul 97 a las 17:45, James M. Blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> dixit: > ...(A)ll of us have internalized racist beliefs -- this is a racist > society! -- and we try our best to get rid of them, sometimes > needing a bit of help from our friends.... In Boston, around 1970, > Latino 6-yrear-olds who spoke no English were tested and -- guess > what? -- found to be "retarded." Boston didn't have enough places > for them in "special schools" so about 30,000 young Latino children > at one time didn't go to school at all because they were falsely > declared to be retarded! At my univeristy, Latino appliucants were > being rejected on the basis of test scores (ACT/SAT) although we > had proven statistically that these tests did not predict anything > about Latino students' success in school -- in fact there was a > slight (and insignificant) negative correlation between ACT score > and probabilty of later success (graduation rate).... And nobody > should hide behind the notion that races are not real but > "constructed." Yes, you can call them constructed if you allow the > process to have taken hundreds of years. But postmodernists are > trying to tell us (sometimes) that racism is kind of silly and > easily gootten rid of because races are just "constructed," not > real. Bullshit. Prof. Blaut's penchant for pointed, polemical harangues and inflammatory, invidious comparisons never fails to amaze me. Often wrong but never in doubt, and with the self-righteous, shrill whine of a revival-tent preacher, he accuses one and all of harboring "internalized racist beliefs, which surely are the fetid fruit of a society that he brands "racist." The more Blaut bleats, the more outr=E9 his bleatings become. To back up these claims, he musters an anecdotal reference to the performance of "LATINO" children, who didn't speak English, on intelligence tests in Boston around 1970 and the disastrous consequences that ensued therefrom. If, as Blaut claims, these children knew no English, then should one suppose that they spoke Latin, as the label he pins on them would suggest? Of course not! But by electing to use the anachronistic, racially imprecise term "Latino", instead of making his case in a clear, convincing manner, Blaut succeeds in further miring an already complex issue in the thick muck of unalloyed polemic. At the time of the study in question, likely as not "Latino" was but a mote in the eye of certain bubble-gum Bolsheviks, holed up in campus coffee shops at Western and Midwestern brain-stamping mills. It didn't really come into vogue until at least the mid-70s, and its meaning is decidedly POLITICAL, not racial or ethnic; it's proven a most effective "hook" to politicians and activists of whatever stripe in the fierce, no-holds-barred free-for-all for federal funds. What's more, "Latino" is still not fully accepted as a gentile name among the very people whom it purportedly identifies--U.S. citizens and residents of Spanish or South American origin. Ironically, however, there's a racist twist to Latino. Seems this slippery sobriquet might possibly derive from Latin America, a name coined by the Chilean Bilbao and the Uruguayan Torres Calcedo and appropriated by that notorious 19th-century racist Napole=F3n le petit, who envisioned an apocalyptic showdown between the Latin and Nordic races on which hinged man's fate. In the last resort li'l Boney's grandiose vision became an ugly reality, albeit to his abiding consternation. In light of its checkered etymology, and consistent with my own feelings toward race, I find the word "Latino" at best questionable and at worst utterly repugnant. Why Blaut, who comes across as a pugnacious paladin of pluralism, should choose that term is beyond my ken. Whether his posting qualifies as dispassionate, scholarly discussion is open to debate; but it surely proclaims his candidacy for a berth on the bully pulpit, alongside two other well-known Jims: Bakker and Swaggart. Desde las Monta=F1as Verdes, saludos virtuales de ******************************** #Stephen Homick # #mailto:shomimid@pop.k12.vt.us # ******************************** For PGP key reply to or click on: shomick@sover.net?Subject=3DSendPkey ********************************** REALITY.SYS FAILED Reboot Universe, Y/N? From dlj@inforamp.net Sun Jul 6 16:49:59 1997 by mail.istar.ca with esmtp (Exim 1.62 #10) Reply-To: From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: , "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: your mail Date: Sun, 6 Jul 1997 18:49:22 -0400 Andrew Wayne Austin writes: > > I joined this list (and IPE) for academic > discussion only to find myself constantly attacked by a rightwing > anticommunist, and then blamed for the tactics of my attacker. >From Andy's busy cutting and pasting I assume this latest bit of name-calling is directed at me. Correction: I am left wing and anti-Communist; i.e.I oppose the Commuist parties and International(s) politically and think the intellectual pretensions of Marxism silly. "Marxist analysis" is bunk -- or else refreshingly free of Marxism. As far as communisms are concerned, I am neutral and unjudgemental about those I have seen in action. Since a Communist communism has never been seen, it is of course a different case. Anti-anti-Commuists have said, I think with justice, that social democratic anti-Communists are the worst kind. The explanation for this, I think, is that we have often worked along side Communists on issues of social justice, labour organization, anti-imperialism, and so forth, and this has given us the opportunity to know them well. The "constantly attacking" thing is a bit of a puzzle. I have asked Andy in private mail to give me an example of my having attacked him, and after studying everything I have written he came up with the fact that I once addressed him as "silly bunny." Confronted with this dire evidence I promptly both apologised and recanted. With this exception, the public name calling and the private sending of filthy and violent letters has all been one way: from Austin and in several directions, not to him. -dlj. From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Mon Jul 7 09:03:37 1997 Mon, 7 Jul 1997 21:58:18 +0700 (NSD) 7 Jul 97 21:58:24 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: Mike Shupp , wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Mon, 7 Jul 1997 21:58:06 -0600 (NSK) Subject: factors of European dominance Dear All, please find below 4 lists of factors - my view on reasons of European predominance in the world since 1850 > From: Mike Shupp > in which they rose to (short term) mastery if the planet, > we have to recognize the importance of immaterial factors, > I would think. God perhaps, or more likely superior amounts > of will, stamina, determination, zeal, "heart", pluck on the > part of Europeans, and sloth, laziness, inefficiency, corruption, > fatalism, etc. on the part of the non-European natives. > > What qualities did Europeans themselves attribute their successes > to during the 1500-1850 AD period? Material or immaterial? my thesis is - it was coincidence of factors of 4 main spheres: material, social, cultural and psychical and i present below the correspondent lists basic material factors: 1) central geoeconomic position (between Americas and the East) in combination with see expansion strategies 2) abundance of silver-gold in N. Centr. Americas in combination with deficiency of these metals in the East (the same with abundance of ill-armed Africans and deficiency of labor resources in America, etc) 3) demographical overpopulation in Europe (since XVI?) in combination with traditional strategy of migration to colonies basic social factors: 1) 'social resonance' - a mutually useful partnership of royal powers, merchants, bankers, seamen, nobbles, extra-population, later industrial bourgeoisie (each of these and other groups had own kind of profit from transoceanic expansion) 2) high political status of bourgeoisie in Europe which helped to transform primarily tributal logic of exploitation into market one 3) the tradition of legal defence of private property that facilitated investment activities in industry 4) political multipolarity of Europe which facilitated predominance of commercial strategies in colonies over primary tributal ones basic cultural factors: 1) diversity, permanent competition between European cultures which caused the higher level of flexibility and sensitiviness to align patterns 2) cultural patterns of long-distance marine colonization (taken from Greece, Venecia and Genova) and commerce (taken from Arabs) 3) specifics of European science as both theoretical and experimental (at least since Galileo), that allowed to assimilate and utilize align knowledge (especially in geography, astronomy, mathematics, physiscs, arms technologies, later banking and industrial economics) 4) protestantism (according Weber) as an unique religious life-strategy which gives sacred status to making money (even in Islam commerce achieved not more than tolerance within power-cultural space because Mohammad was merchant, but only among Protestants making money was direct way to save the soul) basic psychical factors: 1) realization of Europeans of own poverty (in compariconwith Asians) in combination with their high self- estimation as Christians with specific world-wide territorial 'rights' 2) 'a will to expansion' as a combination of agressiveness (almost universal in history) with the attitude to establish own patterns on new lands and among new peoples (Arabs, Chinese, Russians had the same will to expansion, in all cases it gave significant territorial expansion, but they lacked other European specifics - see above) The thesis is that even if each of these factors is not absolutely unique, their combination and mutual enforcement (megatrend in my terms) was really unique and should be considered as a complex reason of European predominance in the world that became evident since circa 1830-50 comments? best from (now rather hot and lovely) Siberia Nikolai P.S. I realize that Jim Blaut, Gunder Frank and maybe some others never will accept these factors (to be blamed as scandalously eurocentric). I prefer in this situation not abstract blaming but refutation of my factors point by point *********************************************************** Nikolai S. Rozov # Address: Dept.of Philosophy Prof.of Philosophy # Novosibirsk State University rozov@cnit.nsu.ru # 630090, Novosibirsk Fax: (3832) 355237 # Pirogova 2, RUSSIA Moderator of the mailing list PHILOFHI (PHILosophy OF HIstory and theoretical history) http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/~dew7e/anthronet/subscribe /philofhi.html ************************************************************ From spector@calumet.purdue.edu Mon Jul 7 11:06:40 1997 X-NUPop-Charset: English Date: Mon, 7 Jul 1997 12:09:26 -0600 (CST) From: "Alan Spector" Sender: spector@calumet.purdue.edu Reply-To: spector@calumet.purdue.edu To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: Relevance of race/racism? At first I was confused about the discussion on race taking place on WSN, since I was much more interested in the historical postings (Silk Road and all that stuff), and it seemed ridiculous that anyone would seriously advance the argument that genetic differences were a significant cause for some societies (temporarily) dominating others. I honestly thought that the original postings on that subject were a sarcastic joke, meant to be ironic. But when the postings continued, it became clear that some people on WSN actually believed that. In my posting on the complexity of biology and the fallacy of making superficial assumptions based on folklore and cursory "estimates" of the biological make-up of people, a number of pointed critiques were made. In conclusion, it was suggested that it is a racist error to hold so tightly to biological-racialist explanations in the absence of any serious biological evidence. The word "racist" can be an adjective as well as a noun, and to say that someone is making a "racist" error does not mean that one is being condemned as "a racist" (noun). Anyone can make a racist error; it is not a sin. It is, however, an error. Shortly thereafter came the cries of persecution--that anti-racists were name-callers. But of course, calling someone a "NAME-CALLER" without answering the substance of the arguments is ANOTHER kind of "name calling." In all the "name calling", none of the racialists have yet offered any serious biological evidence to support their folklore conceptions of biological race. They just keep repeating their conclusions over and over again. Tell, us, please, which genes are specific to which races, and how do those genes manifest themselves in human behavior. If you can't, then you should seriously examine your own ideas and ask yourself why you hold so tightly to those views in the absence of evidence. Alan Spector From joseph@indigo.ie Mon Jul 7 11:09:42 1997 for ; Mon, 7 Jul 1997 18:09:35 +0100 (BST) for ; Mon, 7 Jul 1997 18:09:32 +0100 (BST) From: "Karl Carlile" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Mon, 7 Jul 1997 18:08:45 +0000 Subject: Re: racism, sexism KARL: Hi Richard! Just a quick off the cuff message. RICHARD: In other words, the proof is in the pudding - sexism (or racism) is about action more than about rhetoric. Feminists may have all the correct rhetoric of anti-sexism, yet be an agent of sexism. KARL: I dont think I can go along with this Richard. The rhetoric and the action are inseparably integrated with each other. The point is that many feminists dont have "all the correct rhetoric of anti-sexism". This is just the problem. It is their rhetoric that is sexist, an inseparable expression of their sexism. The point I am making is that much of feminism is sexist both in its language and corresponding politics. It is a sexism that has men as its immeidate target but ultimaley women. By reinforcing divisions along gender lines their anti-male sexism reinforces division among the working masses along these same lines and consequently weakens the working class on the political plane. Essentially this militates against the interests of working class women and thereby women as a whole. In this way separatist feminism is sexist against both men and women. It is a reationary ideology that needs exposure. _________________________________________ On 5 Jul 97 at 15:35, Richard K. Moore wrote: In other words, the proof is in the pudding - sexism (or racism) is about action more than about rhetoric. Feminists may have all the correct rhetoric of anti-sexism, yet be an agent of sexism. The essential truth about a racist or sexist is that they have an agenda of discriminating for or against some group of people - the ratonalizations for their behavior may be secondary, and may fluctuate to keep up with currently popular notions. Thus a racist might buy into the notion that races don't exist, yet continue his discriminatory behavior with new rhetoric, such as "I don't want individuals from culturally deprived communities moving in next to me or marrying my daughter". The rationalization is not the center of the beast - it's only a discardable cloak. Anti-racist/sexist advocacy, it seems, needs to respond directly to the behaviors and agendas of the perps, and the conditions of the victims. In that sense preferential-hiring has a sound theoretical anti-racist basis, even if individual measures may or may not be written as good law. 7/04/97, Parthasarathy Devanathan wrote: >Wallerstein also distinguishes between whites and non-whites; >white refers to the advanced capitalist nations while non-white refers >to the "proletarian nations; there is only one white race, while there >are a number of non-whites. With imperialism, the essential transaction is, in approximation, Euro nations exploiting others. Race is a serendipitous characteristic that happens, more or less, to distinguish the parties. Hence, racism has typically been exploited in war-rousing public rhetoric ("Have you killed a Jap today?" - WW II Newsreel about munitions plants) and as an aggression-rouser for troops in the field ("The only good injun is a dead injun"). Racism here is a tool of the agenda, not a cause of the agenda. It's a convenient rationalizer, but others are available if it falters. Hence in the anti-racist 60s climate, Vietmamese weren't racially demonized in the US press, only communist-demonized. --- 7/05/97, Andrew Wayne Austin wrote: >What must be stressed in this mention of Cavalli-Sforza et al.'s book >is that these genetic lineages are not groupable into racial >differences. For example, the range in genetic variation between >African blacks and European whites is much slighter than the range of >genetic variation between African blacks and Australian blacks. Maybe part of this debate has been terminology. ** I DON'T believe in race, if what you mean by that is an attempt to divide the whole species into a few grand ethnic categories ** And I never in a million years would have presumed Australian Aborigines were ethnically close to Africans - I'd look more to Poynesia for relatives. I simply agree with Cavalli-Sforza that identifiable genetic lineages exist. And of course "spatiotemporal distancing" would be a more significant factor than skin tone in tracing lineages. rkm Yours etc., Karl From dlj@inforamp.net Mon Jul 7 19:08:14 1997 by mail.istar.ca with esmtp (Exim 1.62 #10) Reply-To: From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: , "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: Relevance of race/racism? Date: Mon, 7 Jul 1997 20:56:18 -0400 Alan Spector writes:> > > The word "racist" can be an adjective as well > as a noun, and to say that someone is making a "racist" error does not mean > that one is being condemned as "a racist" (noun). Anyone can make a racist > error; it is not a sin. It is, however, an error. ...In all the "name > calling", none of the racialists have yet offered any serious biological > evidence to support their folklore conceptions of biological race. Here Alan introduces a word still in use, marginally I would think, in English English, but almost extinct in American: racialist. Racialist used to be a person who believed in the inequality of people of different races, whatever that means, meant, etc. Racist was a neutral term, simply meaning having to do with questions of race. I think this distinction is now pretty much by the board. In the same generation we also lost the use of the word discrimination, as it came to be generally thought the same as prejudice. -dlj. From wwagar@binghamton.edu Tue Jul 8 11:34:57 1997 From: wwagar@binghamton.edu Date: Tue, 8 Jul 1997 13:36:10 -0400 (EDT) To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK Subject: Medical Emergency! MEDICAL EMERGENCY! A close reading of the communications on this network for the past ten days has disclosed that most of the participants (if not all) in the debate on the vexed subject of race are suffering from ACUTE TESTOSTERONE POISONING! Several previous debates on other vexed issues have revealed similar symptoms, but now the diagnosis is quite obvious. If there is a doctor on the Network, would she please post remedies and prescriptions for treating this often fatal malady? Please, before it's too late! Anxiously, W. Warren Wagar From chriscd@jhu.edu Tue Jul 8 12:48:17 1997 Tue, 08 Jul 1997 14:45:18 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 08 Jul 1997 14:44:17 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: [Fwd: Call for Papers] To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu chriscd@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu; Tue, 08 Jul 1997 11:09:56 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 8 Jul 1997 11:07:42 -0400 From: isa@sis.ucm.es (International Sociological Association) Subject: Call for Papers Apparently-to: chriscd@jhu.edu To: chriscd@jhu.edu Reply-to: isa@sis.ucm.es TO: Members of International Sociological Association CALL FOR PAPERS STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS: An International Journal of Theory and Research on Social Structure Editors: S.D. Berkowitz Alden Klovdahl Alvin Wolfe This new Journal will accept articles on the theory, interpretation and explication of social structure and its consequences. Its reviewers and editorial board includes scholars from all social science disciplines. We are looking forward to publication of our first issue in February, 1998. Please submit articles either electronically to sberkowi@zoo.uvm.edu or by snail-mail, together with a disk in Wordperfect or WORD to Prof. S.D. Berkowitz Department of Sociology University of Fort Hare Private Bag x1314 Alice 5700 Province of the Eastern Cape Republic of South Africa. From SKSANDER@grove.iup.edu Tue Jul 8 14:30:12 1997 08 Jul 1997 16:30:05 -0500 (EST) Date: Tue, 08 Jul 1997 16:30:05 -0500 (EST) From: s_sanderson To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu As usual, Warren Wagar has hit the nail right on the head! Come on folks, this nonsense is clogging up my e-mail system and causing me to waste a lot of valuable time checking my e-mails. Stephen Sanderson From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Tue Jul 8 14:56:03 1997 Date: Tue, 8 Jul 1997 16:55:00 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: s_sanderson Subject: Re: your mail In-Reply-To: <01IL013FJRK88WWVSF@grove.iup.edu> List, What nonsense is Prof. Sanderson talking about? The discussion on race? I found the suggestion that a rigorous refutation of racist assumptions (particular by someone who holds such assumptions) reduces to merely the elevated hormones of the participants to be insulting (although I understand that biologisms flow easily from people who assume as material fact the existence of biologically-based racial types). Such dismissive rhetoric strikes me as an attempt to skirt tough issues that have been raised on WSN. Sincerely, Andrew Austin From owenjack@FS.isu.edu Tue Jul 8 15:01:52 1997 From: "J B Owens" To: WSN@csf.colorado.edu Date: Tue, 8 Jul 1997 15:05:49 -0600, MDT Subject: list use guidelines Below are some of the guidelines for use of the discussion list which deals with the history of international relations. I post them for consideration by World Systems Network members. Because H-Diplo is a moderated list, some of this is not relevant to us, and I have cut whole sections that deal only with how the moderators will handle their responsibility. But much else about the purposes and procedures which make good discussion lists work will perhaps provide some guidance for us. Jack Owens ------- Forwarded Message Follows ------- Date: Wed, 18 Sep 1996 12:32:37 -0600 From: H-DIPLO Subject: FYI: H-Diplo Guidelines Sender: H-Net Diplomatic History List Date: 18 Sept. 1996 H-DIPLO GUIDELINES 1. H-DIPLO is an electronic forum for discussing the history of international relations, broadly defined. It encourages scholarly exchanges on all aspects of this subject, regardless of the countries or periods involved. It particularly welcomes the exploration of new interdisciplinary and methodological approaches, the evaluation of new archival sources, and contributions from scholars outside the United States. 2. H-DIPLO operates in the manner of scholarly journals, the program committees of professional organizations, or indeed anyone conducting a seminar -- which is to say that the editors and moderators reserve the right to keep the discussion on the subject, free from ad hominem attacks or other arguments that go beyond the limits of accepted professional discourse. 3. H-DIPLO is nonpartisan, and hence will not lend itself to specifically-targeted lobbying or other organizational efforts. It will run information about the status of current controversies or policy debates that might affect the interests of our subscribers, though, and it welcomes frank and open discussions about their implications. 4. H-DIPLO does not run advertisements. It welcomes information about new books, new journals, new sources, fellowship and scholarship opportunities, proposed conferences, and -- through H-NET -- job listings. But it will not run solicitations to purchase books, to subscribe to journals, or to apply for admission to particular academic programs. 7. H-DIPLO will regularly post information about new discussion lists or other resources on the Internet that might be of interest. 9. H-DIPLO welcomes requests for information from subscribers for whom standard reference sources have proven inadequate, but it discourages -- and may not run -- inquiries easily answerable from such sources. It encourages potential authors of theses and dissertations, as well as articles and books, to use its facilities as a way of determining who else may be working on particular topics; but the moderators ask those responding to such inquiries to consider whether their reply will be of general interest to everyone on the list, or might better be sent directly to the subscriber making the inquiry. 10. H-DIPLO seeks to promote discussion among as wide and diverse a group of its subscribers as care to participate. The editors and moderators recognize, though, that too many e-mail messages -- especially if they seem to come, repeatedly, from the same individuals -- can cause other subscribers to "tune out." Accordingly, the moderators may, from time to time, ask frequent contributors to delay, consolidate, or even withhold messages when the prospect of "overexposure" seems imminent. They will not apply this rule, though, where substantive exchanges on issues of broad interest are taking place. 13. H-DIPLO is still very much a "work in progress." Accordingly, the moderators, the editors, and the Editorial Board all strongly encourage suggestions from subscribers as to how the list might be improved. ------------------------------------ I should add in closing that I have no connection with this particular list. The guidelines were sent to me by a friend who is a member. I just felt that in our current situation, there were some words of wisdom here. Best wishes, Jack J. B. "Jack" Owens, Professor of History Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA e-mail: owenjack@fs.isu.edu www: http://www.isu.edu/~owenjack Note: new www URL, 12 July 1996. From rkmoore@iol.ie Tue Jul 8 21:39:28 1997 Date: Wed, 9 Jul 1997 04:38:53 +0100 To: philofhi@yorku.ca (philosophy of history), wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: Re: factors of European dominance 7/08/97, Nikolai S. Rozov wrote to wsn & philofhi: >please find below 4 lists of factors - my view on reasons of European >predominance in the world since 1850 Interesting, perceptive list. Nikolai is to be commended for frequently putting forward agendas for discussion and going out on a limb on with some of his theses. I don't know enough about European history (not to mention all the other histories to which it is being implicitly compared by Nikolai) to challenge the particulars of his list, but I do have a problem with that kind of list in general, and the analytic premises on which that kind of argument is based. When an historic outcome is known (eg- recent Euro dominance), it is all too easy to list lots of known facts, and attribute to them causative weight. In some sense, you can't be proved wrong. Especially when you say the factors operate in "combination", and the list is half-way reasonable looking, how can anyone object? If you make the list long enough, there won't be another culture that possesses all the elements. It is significant, methodologically, that a student with far less knowledge and perceptivity than Nikolai could make a very-plausible such list. My methodological objections are two-fold. First, I find this shotgun-list approach insufficiently discriminating - I want rifle shots. Rather than a list of apparently relevant contributing factors, I want to know THE critical factors - those which were characteristic of the culture in question and whose absence would have prevented the phenomenon from occurring. Are we really sure Euro dominance would not have occured, for example, if American precious metals weren't available? Might not the explorative, explotative, and innovative mindsets of Euro expansionists found other fulcrums for their ambitions to leverage? Answering such questions is admittedly more difficult than assembling a shotgun list, and that brings me to my second methodological objection. Rather than a list of "factors" - whether it be short or long, and whether it be all-inclusive or pruned by considerations of criticality - I would find more useful a more dynamic analysis. My methodological theory would be that there were modes of operating, and specific sets of ambitious operators, who were _nurtured_ by Euro culture, in this case, and who outgrew the operating theater offered to them by Europe, and who became, then, the critical instigators of Euro expansionism. Phlofhi readers may recall, in our discussion of Randy Grove's "Cultural Foundations of Civ", my proposition that Randy's "key civilizational elements" need to be examined as evolutionary developments. They didn't emerge full-blown and suddenly birth a civilization, but they and their embedding culture evolved together and eventually reached a scale and level of sophistication that we later dubbed a "high culture" and a "civilization". Similarly, I believe there were economic/political/social dynamic patterns operating in Europe which evolved and grew, and led naturally to Euro expansionism when they outgrew Europe. Consider for a moment Ghengis Khan. One can talk about horsemanship, ferocity of spirit, and disdain for city-fication - as obvious and relevant factors in Mongolian culture - but I think it would be more instructive to focus on the dynamics by which a local chieftan consolidated his power base and systematicaly expanded it. What motivated him? What strategic paradigms lent him success? Why was he dissatisfied with conquering only his own region? How did he avoid/contain internal squabbling? Similarly, in the case of Rome, one finds a useful focus in the alliance-building skills of the early Romans, and one might inquire as to how and why those skills developed in Rome in particular, and why they found a need to expand their scope ever more widely. --- Nikolai might well argue that his list, perhaps pruned for criticality, is indeed about dynamics: the rise of capitalism, for example, is in fact a dynamic force, seeking new markets, new resources, and new venues for investment. And capitalists would be an example of one of the "sets of ambitious operators" I'm asking for. In the case of Elizabeth I, for example, it is clear that her American colonies were set up primarily as capitalist ventures, several of the entire colonies, such as Pennsylvania, being in fact privately-owned corporations. But what is missing from Nikolai's list is structure - an explicit characterization of how the factors worked together, which were primary and which secondary, which were essential and which might have been replaced if necessary by available alternatives. Also missing is a sense of tempo, growth, and quantity - what started first, what led to what, and what outgrew which boundaries - fuelling expansion. The identification of dynamic pattern-trends, the tracing of their growth _within_ their host culture, and the careful observation of how they managed to burst from their boundaries - this mode of analysis automatically forces useful structure on a "factors list", and highlights the most critical factors. Please don't think I'm asking for an entire historical treatment to be supplied instead of a half-page list - that would be ignoring Nikolai's noble intent to distill essence from a wide universe of facts. What I _am_ asking for is perhaps a full-page treatement - with the factors structured within an outline of dynamics, and perhaps some accompanying quantitative growth curves. --- As regards the attempt to show why Europe dominated globally instead of someone else, that is yet a further analytical challenge. What I've been asking for above is better understanding of why Europe expanded at all, not why its expansion was so relatively successful. The kind of dynamic analysis I'm proposing serves especially well in this latter quest - to identify relative competitive advantages. For one thing, only expanding powers could have been competition for Europe. A non-expanding but very strong power would simply be a boundary to European enroachment, not a colonial competitor on the world scene. Dynamic analysis allows us to focus our attention on cultures with nascent growth-components - potential exapansion-drivers - rather than considering all cultures which happened to be large or diverse enough to include (to one degree or another) some static list of "factors". Capitalism, for example, controlling 1% of a culture's commerce, is a less significant force for expansion than when it controls 40%. This kind of comparison is not visible in a static factors list. Rather than comparing Europe with Japan, for example, I'd want to compare "expansion vectors" in Europe and Japan, and chart the relative growth of those vectors. A case could be made, for example, that it wasn't "Europe" that expanded at all, but European-based capitalists that expanded their control-domains. Europe, you might say, was a carrier for a voracius virus, rather than being a voracious beast itself. Bukminster Fuller made just such an argument in "Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth" when he made the bold assertion that the British Empire was a fiction - that "white man's burden" and "glory of empire" were populist ruses to get British taxpayers and soldiers to make the world safe for the British East India Company. His thesis was that Britain was selected by capitalist interests due to its location and defensibility, and that expansionist politics was then aggressively sold to British royalty and other indigenous elite elements. Regards, rkm From asajh@UAA.ALASKA.EDU Wed Jul 9 05:03:17 1997 Date: Wed, 09 Jul 1997 03:14:37 -0700 From: Andrew Hund Subject: World Systems Theoretical Problems To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK Hello Friends, I see the racism, genes, etc. topic has wore out its welcome--huh? Ok--The theoretical foundation of World Systems is flimsy. . . Explanations of Social Change? Endogenous factors?--Centre-periphery model? Culture? Andrew From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Wed Jul 9 06:32:37 1997 Wed, 9 Jul 1997 19:13:15 +0700 (NSD) 9 Jul 97 19:13:18 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu, PHILOFHI@YORKU.CA Date: Wed, 9 Jul 1997 19:13:04 -0600 (NSK) Subject: Re: factors of European dominance thank you Randy and Richard for your appreciation, good questions and productive criticisms. i'll do my best to answer you but first i wish to involve some more participants and get other feedbacks to my list of basic factors. some points of it are doubtful also to me, but i am sure the factors list deserves further discussion if one agrees with my last thesis, he (she) is welcome to send comments thank you in advance, best Nikolai From chriscd@jhu.edu Wed Jul 9 10:08:05 1997 Wed, 09 Jul 1997 12:07:13 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 09 Jul 1997 12:06:10 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: personal attacks To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu no more personal attacks. keep it civil. chris From wwagar@binghamton.edu Wed Jul 9 11:38:14 1997 From: wwagar@binghamton.edu Date: Wed, 9 Jul 1997 13:39:42 -0400 (EDT) To: Andrew Wayne Austin Subject: Race and Much More In-Reply-To: On Tue, 8 Jul 1997, Andrew Wayne Austin wrote: > List, > > What nonsense is Prof. Sanderson talking about? The discussion on race? I > found the suggestion that a rigorous refutation of racist assumptions > (particular by someone who holds such assumptions) reduces to merely the > elevated hormones of the participants to be insulting (although I > understand that biologisms flow easily from people who assume as material > fact the existence of biologically-based racial types). > > Such dismissive rhetoric strikes me as an attempt to skirt tough issues > that have been raised on WSN. > > Sincerely, > Andrew Austin > > > Dear Andrew and List, I did not say that the debate on race reduces to merely the elevated hormones of the participants. Nor did I suggest that the issue is frivolous. The problem is the stridency of the participants, who appear to want to kill one another, at least metaphorically. Violent behavior has been linked to male hormones. The human species would not have evolved without a generous dollop of male aggressiveness, but the future of what is ambitiously called civilization depends on keeping such aggressiveness on the shortest possible leash. Now let me deal seriously with the issue of race. Homo sapiens is not just a social animal. Homo sapiens is an animal. Biology and sociology need each other. A sociology that ignores biology is just as reductionist, I believe, as a biology that ignores sociology. Okay. I cannot doubt that the people of the world differ biologically in numberless ways, although the differences are far less significant than the similarities. Is there such a thing as "race"? Strictly speaking, no. Millennia of migrations and intermarriage have so moiled the human gene pool that most of us are incredible mixtures of types that were probably never "pure" in the first place. Nonetheless, each of us has been constructed from a unique assortment of genes, in which certain prehistoric strains of humankind tend to predominate. The result is that we are of different hues and facial features and susceptibilities to this or that disease and all the rest. Culture and nurture are probably more responsible for human difference than our various unique assortments of genes, but our understanding of the role of the genetic is still in its scientific infancy. Sociologisms are easier to defend than biologisms because we know a lot more about culture than we know about the human genome. Nevertheless, there is a perception of race among most late 20th-century human beings. Persons in the United States who have at least some African ancestry call themselves blacks. Persons in Vietnam who have at least some African or European ancestry (thanks to U.S. imperialism) are perceived as significantly different from persons in Vietnam of East Asian descent. Race is a fact of consciousness, and imagined or perceived racial differences have mobilized millions of people to discriminate, exploit, or struggle against millions of other people. As we enter the next century, the world is profoundly divided between an elite of preponderantly European and East Asian people ("white" and "yellow") and a global proletariat of preponderantly Amerindian, African, and South Asian people ("brown," "black," "red," and some "yellow"). This has an enormous bearing on world-systems theory. It is a fact that most of the world's capitalists are of European and East Asian descent and a fact of consciousness that these capitalists identify with, and are identified with, certain perceived racial groupings. Of course there are plenty of other schisms in the world-system of today. Schisms based on ethnicity (another mostly social construct), on nationality, on gender, on religious creed, on sexual preference. From my perspective, however, as a democratic socialist who believes that the highest priority for humankind is to make the transition from a politically divided and economically globalized capitalist world-system to a socialist world republic that can prevent ecocide, genocide, and enserfment, these schisms of race, gender, creed, and so forth are largely beside the point. Foregrounding the schisms of race, gender, and creed while ignoring or downplaying the schisms of class can result in a war of all against all in which everybody loses except the capitalists, who often make skillful use of these schisms to divide their class enemies. Meanwhile the capitalist juggernaut rolls relentlessly on. What to do? Declare an end to the politics of race, ethnicity, nationality, creed, gender, and sexual preference. Concede that in the final analysis, whatever differences there may be, whether biological or sociocultural, we are all simply human beings. Build a world party of men and women of all perceived "types." Summon all men, all women, all blacks, all whites, all straights, all gays, all Americans, all Uzbeks, all Buddhists, all Muslims to the struggle for a democratic socialist world republic--a struggle that will automatically encompass and pursue absolute equality of status and opportunity for all perceived "types" of humankind. There is no place in socialism for racism, sexism, homophobia, or intolerance of any kind. To replace class domination by race or gender or creedal domination would be antithetical to the heart, soul, and mind of socialism. Yet we cannot reach this pinnacle without acknowledging that all sorts of biological and sociocultural differences do exist and may continue to exist among human beings, perhaps to the end of time. We cannot build a socialist cosmopolis without as much knowledge as possible of these differences and without as much sensitivity as possible to these differences. Our goal is not homogenization but a global community of peoples free from exploitation, injustice, and violence. The differences, or at least many of them, will remain. And so they should. Peace, Warren W. Warren Wagar Dept. of History Binghamton University USA From SKSANDER@grove.iup.edu Wed Jul 9 11:59:09 1997 09 Jul 1997 13:59:06 -0500 (EST) Date: Wed, 09 Jul 1997 13:59:06 -0500 (EST) From: s_sanderson To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu To answer Andrew Austin's question, the nonsense I was referring to was not the content of the discussion (race, etc.), but the tone and style of it. Stephen Sanderson From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Wed Jul 9 12:11:15 1997 Date: Wed, 9 Jul 1997 14:08:36 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: wwagar@binghamton.edu Subject: Re: Race and Much More In-Reply-To: List, I don't have any comments today (not yet) on race--but the post to which I respond asserts a link between hormones and war. Might I recommend *Genes and Gender VI: On Peace, War, and Gender* (1991), edited by Betty Rosoff and Ethel Tobach (Feminist Press). In this book, the research that gives rise to assertions about the link between hormones and aggression (violence, etc.) is reviewed and rejected. The fluctuation of hormonal levels over the course of a day is so highly variable as to make these studies useless. What is more, theoretically the direction of causality could just as easily (and more logically) run the other direction, i.e., aggressive behavior raises the level of certain hormones. Why I objected to the post in the first place is precisely because it repeated a idiom of conservative ideology that is rarely questioned in our society. Sincerely, Andrew Austin From p34d3611@jhu.edu Wed Jul 9 12:25:03 1997 09 Jul 1997 14:23:48 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 09 Jul 1997 14:23:36 -0400 From: Peter Grimes Subject: Re: Race and Much More In-reply-to: To: wwagar@binghamton.edu Thank You, Warren -Peter Grimes From spector@calumet.purdue.edu Wed Jul 9 17:14:01 1997 X-NUPop-Charset: English Date: Wed, 9 Jul 1997 18:16:57 -0600 (CST) From: "Alan Spector" Sender: spector@calumet.purdue.edu Reply-To: spector@calumet.purdue.edu To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: What is the impact? As someone who entered the debate on biology and race, and tried to keep my comments civil, I'd like to raise one question/comment-- Warren Wagar wrote:" Yet we cannot reach this pinnacle without acknowledging that all sorts of biological and sociocultural differences do exist and may continue to exist among human beings, perhaps to the end of time." That is never an issue of contention. Of course darker skin toned people are biologically different from lighter skin toned people---they have darker skin tone! And, of course we are biological beings. The problem is when one attempts to extrapolate some obviously true statements into conclusions for which there is no evidence. The real question is whether these biological differences have any measurable effect on human behavior (acknowledging, of course, that when the environment/society treats people differently because of their biology, THEN, those people might respond in various ways to that treatment--but that is not biologically CAUSED by their biology, but rather by the treatment they received.) It reminds me of the astrology argument. The moon exerts tremendous gravity on the Earth--pulls up millions of gallons of water with the tides. So the astrologers asserts with no serious data, that Pluto lining up with Uranus will affect a person's mood. In the absence of any data that defines "race" in a biologically scientific way, then, to use "race" as if it were a scientifically quantified biological concept when it is really just based on a few select, observable physical and social characteristics is unscientific. And in a climate where the dominant ideology will use the rhetoric of "differences" mainly to subordinate darker skin toned people, (because very few of the people who strongly assert that there are significant biological differences between the races will say that, for example, blacks and Latinos are probably "more intelligent" than whites)---that in that cultural context, agnosticism in the absence of evidence is generally taken by the public at large to be "partial support" for the white racial superiority position, despite the agnostics' protests that they are really not taking any position at all. I have had this debate with many psychologists and sociologists and lay people who wanted to take the agnostic position on "biological race and behavior"; they challenge me to be open minded about ALL the possibilities. So I ask them, then, if they are truly agnostic, are they saying that black people may just as likely be "biologically superior in intelligence to white people"? Quite a number look at me as if I'm crazy and say, "Well, no." So their open-mindedness only extends as far as asking their opponents to agree with them. DISCLAIMER: I AM NOT SAYING THAT ANYONE ON THIS LIST HAS MADE THOSE TYPES OF CLAIMS. Only that inaction is also an action, and agnosticism can sometimes be lending its weight to one or another side of an argument despite the words, or intentions of its advocates. Would you be agnostic if someone accuses, with only folklore evidence, a friend of yours, someone you trust, of a heinous crime? And if they were planning to mistreat your friend based on those allegations, would you say: "Well, I don't think you should mistreat this person. But as to whether he/she committed the act--well, an open minded person can never rule anything out..." What is the biological evidence that there are measurable differences in behavior that can be attributed, biologically, to those things called "race?" Alan Spector P.S.--This isn't just about biology and race; it's about ways that we strive to investigate all kinds of social questions. From rkmoore@iol.ie Wed Jul 9 20:39:34 1997 Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 03:39:24 +0100 To: philofhi@yorku.ca (philosophy of history), wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: Historical Dynamics 7/09/97, Randy Groves wrote to philofhi: >On Genghiz Khan, most historians point to superior military >technology (saddles, bows etc) and strategy. From what I remember, >the consolidation of a Khan's power base wasn't a lot different from >many tribal and nomadic peoples. In my view then, the historical role >played by the Mongols is explainable largely in terms of the >technology and military strategy. Was Khan's rise immediately following an upgrade in Mongol technology or strategy? If so, then that upgrade might shift the local balance of power and spark expansion. If not, then one must look for a third factor to account for the _timing_ of the expansion. Such a factor might be a unique and unprecedented level of personal drive on the part of Khan himself, a depletion of local resources, or whatever. But if we are are identifying causation, then we need a timing explanation equally as much as we need a capacity explanation. >I don't see any real conflict between adherence to >complex lists of factors along with reference to the "identification >of dynamic pattern-trends." (I think I know what you mean. Sort of.) >Maybe a bit more on that would help. dynamics: n. 1.a The study of the relationship between motion and the forces affecting motion. Forces act on bodies over time, and the position of the bodies changes over time - in proportion to the strength of the force (which might vary over time). If there are multiple forces, the movement is cumulative, and the component due to each force can be factored out and measured. Historical forces (factors) cause society to move in certain directions. Loss of water might cause it to migrate, loss of investment opportunities might cause it to colonize. It is not as simple (as in physics) to quantify precisely how much a given factor "moves" the society, in comparison to the contribution of another factor, but the attempt to factor out the contributions is the essence of useful historical analysis. Nikolai, in these terms, has selected what he thinks are the dominant factors, the strongest forces. Fine. Similarly, one might say the dominant forces on the Moon's orbit are the Earth and the Sun. But dynamics goes on to _measure_ the two forces and _account accurately_ for the Moon's orbital fluctutations. In the case of Euro expansion, one can begin to study the effect of specific factors by first asking the right questions. Two of the most critical questions, in my opinion, would be: (1) How did the political power of the capitalist class vary over time. (2) What was the portfolio of capitalist investments over time. >From (1), we might learn, for example, that capitalists started out with minimal political influence compared to the landed aristocracy, but that over time their influence increased and eventually became dominant. One could presumably determine within a decade or two when the balance of power shifted by looking at government records. That "point" in time would mark the "enabling" of the "capitalist factor" to become determinative in national policy. >From (2), one might learn that portfolios were in domestic manufacture, domestic commerce, and foreign trade, let's say. By looking at the growth of these portfolios over time, one might notice that a point of diminishing returns was reached - where further investment under existing circumstances was no longer profitable. Again, if we pin that event down to, say, a decade, then we have a "point" in time at which the capitalists are _motivated_ to encourage expansionism - a point where the "capitalist factor" becomes "pro-expansion". When both (1) and (2) enablers had occurred (capitalists BOTH influential AND expansionist), then one would expect to begin to see evidence of effective expansionist activism, on the part of capitalists, in the society. ONLY THEN would it become relevant whether or not the society has the military CAPACITY to expand - without the societal motivation, the capacity can only be potential. And for the motivation to arise, there must be some factor in the society which is driving that motivation, and which is sufficiently influential to make its direction dominant. To concern oneself primarily with the capacity factor, I hope you will now agree, is to miss the whole essence of what historical change is about, why it happens, and when it happens. --- If in fact Euro expansion started very soon after both (1) and (2) became true, then there is some real validity in claiming that capitalism was the critical factor in Euro expansion - primary rather than secondary. If on the other hand, many decades went by with no sign of expansion (but with lots of frustrated capitalists), then when expansion finally DID occur, I'd want to find out what other factor was shifting its power-balance at that time, and I'd be inclined to name it as the critical factor. rkm From 70671.2032@CompuServe.COM Wed Jul 9 21:21:47 1997 for wsn@csf.colorado.edu; Wed, 9 Jul 1997 23:21:44 -0400 (EDT) Date: 09 Jul 97 23:20:40 EDT From: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> To: world systems network Subject: elixir Nikolai is throwing all sorts of weird ingredients into his witches' brew in hopes of cooking up the magic elixir that will explain the European Miracle. Its a waste of effort. There is no such elixir. There was no miracle. Before 1492 Europe had ->nothing<- -- no ingredient or combination of ingredients -- which would explain its later rise to world hegemony. It all started at Palos. Jim Blaut From dgreen@UDel.Edu Wed Jul 9 21:25:57 1997 Date: Wed, 9 Jul 1997 23:25:05 -0400 (EDT) From: Daniel M Green To: "Nikolai S. Rozov" Subject: Re: factors of European dominance In-Reply-To: <1CFE2FE7BEB@cnit.nsu.ru> Thanks to Professor Rozov for concretizing this debate a bit. It seems to me his factors of European dominance might be further broken down into two categories: 1) factors contributing to the early dominance of Europe, and 2) factors that sustained European dominance into the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. Because what is crucial to explain is the European explosion in the first place, after 1450. From there Europe was never challenged in terms of trading dominance until the decline of British hegemony in the 20th century. As you all know, Wallerstein discusses the first topic in detail in MSW I (pp.38-63): Why Portugal? Why not China? Portugal had maximal "will and possibility." There was also the search for gold and silver, trade routes, other luxuries. Are these arguments still accepted? As to what sustained European dominance after 1500, several of Rovoz's reasons seem very applicable. Surely the sheer intensity of competition between European countries in a kind of continental community also produced innovations and a drive for expansion outside of Europe. I'm not very familiar with the literature on these issues, and would be interested in finding out what the best sources on it are. Daniel Green University of Delaware From lmc29@columbia.edu Wed Jul 9 22:47:39 1997 for ; Thu, 10 Jul 1997 00:47:37 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 00:47:36 -0400 (EDT) From: Linda Minfa Chen Sender: lmc29@columbia.edu To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK Dear WSN: could you please let me know how to temporarily freeze my participation in the Network from now until early Septeber? Thanks. LMC From lmc29@columbia.edu Wed Jul 9 23:24:35 1997 for ; Thu, 10 Jul 1997 01:24:33 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 01:24:32 -0400 (EDT) From: Linda Minfa Chen Sender: lmc29@columbia.edu To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK Subject: remove please remove From chriscd@jhu.edu Thu Jul 10 07:44:48 1997 Thu, 10 Jul 1997 09:43:33 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 09:42:30 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: [Fwd: Kenya Demonstration] To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu chriscd@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu; Wed, 09 Jul 1997 18:28:19 -0400 (EDT) 09 Jul 1997 14:57:19 -0700 (PDT) 09 Jul 1997 14:57:01 -0700 (PDT) Date: Wed, 9 Jul 1997 17:39:10 -0400 From: African Faith and Justice Network Subject: Kenya Demonstration Sender: owner-afjn-infoact@igc.apc.org To: afjn-infoact@igc.org owner-afjn-infoact@igc.apc.org using -f From: Emergency Response Network Calling ALL . . . Kenyans, Activists, People of Good Conscience, and Fighters for Freedom; In memory of the brave Kenyans who were murdered and in honor of those who are being brutalized by the police and members of the military in their/our quest for justice in Kenya. Heed the call for three days of mourning July 9 - July 11, 1997. Please join a demonstration on: FRIDAY, JULY 11, 1997 NOON - 1:00 PM outside the KENYAN EMBASSY at 2249 R STREET, NW (Metro: Red Line at Dupont Circle, Q Street Exit) Show your solidarity with Kenyans everywhere who care about justice and peace, honor those who were murdered, and stand with those who continue to put their lives on the line for justice. Sponsored by: Africa Faith & Justice Network, Amnesty International, EcoFeminist CoffeeHouse, Kenyan Community Abroad, and the Washington Peace Center. For more information please call: 202/234-2000 / Email to: ern@igc.org For those who cannot participate in the demonstration, or those not in the Metro DC area, please call the Kenyan Embassy at 202/387-6101 between NOON and 1:00 PM to express their solidarity From chriscd@jhu.edu Thu Jul 10 07:55:48 1997 Thu, 10 Jul 1997 09:55:02 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 09:53:59 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: [Fwd: Cultural Library Rescue, Belize (fwd)] To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu chriscd@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu; Wed, 09 Jul 1997 20:23:51 -0400 (EDT) 09 Jul 1997 19:22:04 -0500 (CDT) by mcfeeley.cc.utexas.edu (8.8.5/8.8.5/mcfeeley.mc-1.21) 09 Jul 1997 19:18:53 -0500 (CDT) Date: Wed, 9 Jul 1997 19:13:21 -0400 From: David Barkin Subject: Cultural Library Rescue, Belize (fwd) Sender: owner-lasnet@mcfeeley.cc.utexas.edu To: LASNET Reply-to: barkin@profmexis.sar.net Date: Tue, 24 Jun 1997 13:24:03 -0700 =46rom: Arctos@worldnet.att.net Newsgroups: sci.bio.conservation Subject: Library Rescue The Central American Institute of Prehistoric and Traditional Culture= s at Belize urgently needs your assistance. The Institute focuses its int= erests on the ethnobotany of sacred and medicinal plants, shamanism, states = of=20 consciousness, and ancient traditions. The Institute has the largest research and educational library in Belize, consisting of irreplaceab= le books, photographs, artifacts, field notes, and other archival materials. T= he=20 recent rain storms and hurricanes have damaged the library and archiv= al=20 storage. Algae, worms, and the dense tropical moisture have penetrat= ed our=20 building and are rapidly destroying the collection. =20 We estimate that in one month, one-third of the collection will be da= maged; in=20 two months, three-quarters may be beyond repair. In three months, th= ere may be=20 nothing left to salvage. This is a loss that the people of Belize ca= nnot afford. Several of our staff members have returned to the United Sta= tes to=20 appeal for help in rescuing this irreplaceable resource. We have ini= tiated=20 a Rescue Operation to raise emergency funds, and urgently need your s= upport. =20 The Central American Institute was established under a registry chart= er in=20 1991, and granted full recognition by the Ministry of Education of th= e=20 Government of Belize, in accordance with the Education Act of 1991, Section 38. The Institute is a non-profit research and educational institution, established for the purposes of promoting the preservati= on of=20 ancient and traditional worldviews and materials, and to act as a cen= ter for=20 the dissemination of knowledge and interest in the study of such cult= ures. =20 The Institute aims at preserving indigenous cultures through the pres= ervation=20 of traditional knowledge. Now, this traditional knowledge is about t= o be=20 destroyed. The Institute=B9s library and archives contain documentation of indig= enous groups=20 that have already disappeared. If these field notes, slides, photogr= aphs, and=20 artifacts are destroyed, there will be no way to replace them. The c= ollection=20 also consists of plant specimens and ethnobotanical fieldwork, docume= nting and=20 exploring the medicinal value of rain forest flora. The destruction = of this=20 collection would be a great loss to all who value our planet=B9s biod= iversity and seek new medical solutions to today=B9s health problems. Further= , the Institute=B9s collection consists of rare and out-of-print books, pro= viding an=20 extremely valuable resource to ethnologists, botanists, scientists, a= nd=20 students alike. The Institute=B9s collection contains priceless rese= arch and documentation about the Maya, Creole, and Garifuna populations of Bel= ize and=20 the neighboring regions. The collection, however, is not limited to = Central=20 America, but contains information from around the world: from South A= merica,=20 to the Middle East, to Siberia. Once this material is lost, this cul= tural=20 and educational resource will be gone forever.=20 Time is of the essence. We need $60,000 now (Phase I). We are appea= ling to=20 foundations, corporations, research societies, institutes, individual= s, and=20 television and radio announcements to raise these funds. We urge you= to help us cope with this emergency situation by contributing whatever you ca= n. Your=20 contribution will be acknowledged on our homepage. Also, please, hel= p us=20 spread this message to friends and colleagues who may be interested i= n=20 supporting this Rescue Operation. =20 We can provide documentation of our non-profit and educational status= , and a=20 detailed break-down of the allocation of funds. Further information = about the=20 Institute can be obtained on our Website at http://world.std.com/~cha= cmol/.=20 The Institute is also listed in Issue 3 of the People and Plants Hand= book,=20 published by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), UNESCO, and Royal Bota= nic=20 Gardens-Kew. In these times of modernization, Westernization, and technology, trad= itional life is being displaced and destroyed irrevocably. It is imperative = that we preserve cultural and natural resources, traditional epistemologies, = and biodiversity. We appeal to you to support the Central American Insti= tute in its drive to preserve these resources for the benefit of the developi= ng=20 country of Belize, as well as the global community. Please, make che= cks=20 payable to: Central American Institute. We all thank you for your support. Sincerely, Dr. Michael Naxon Director ************************************************************* Emergency Fund Central American Institute 8033 Sunset Blvd. Suite 2040 Los Angeles, CA 90046 818-344-8516 (Emergency Fund line) Arctos@worldnet.att.net http://world.std.com/~chacmol/ ************************************************************** From shomick@sover.net Thu Jul 10 14:48:53 1997 for ; Thu, 10 Jul 1997 16:48:49 -0400 (EDT) From: "Stephen Homick" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 16:55:39 -0400 Subject: Re: What is the impact?/Dry Sack & World conquest! In-reply-to: <199707091816592444.spector@nwi.calumet.purdue.edu> El 9 Jul 97 a las 18:16, Alan Spector dixit: > ...And in a climate where the dominant ideology will use the > rhetoric of "differences" mainly to subordinate darker skin toned > people, (because very few of the people who strongly assert that > there are significant biological differences between the races will > say that, for example, blacks and Latinos are probably "more > intelligent" than whites)---that in that cultural context, > agnosticism in the absence of evidence is generally taken by the > public at large to be "partial support" for the white racial > superiority position, despite the agnostics' protests that they are > really not taking any position at all.... I infer from this snippet that Alan Spector is of the opinion that "blacks and "Latinos," whatever else they may be, are separate races; separate from Asians as well as Caucasians and, by extension, separate from each other. If that's so, then I wonder if he will explain this apparent anomaly of pigment: Willie Mays, the "Say-hey Kid," and Roberto Clemente, who perished in a plane crash while transport relief supplies to earthquake victims in Managua in 1972, have much in common. Both are distinguished baseball players who were voted National League M.V.P. in 1954 and 1965, respectively; and according to their somatotype, both are people of color. Yet the Puerto Rican Clemente is a "Latino", and the American Mays a "black" or, in keeping with ethnic labelling's chameleon-like changeablity, more precisely an "African American." (Doubting Thomases will find compelling iconographic proof of my claims by simply pointing their browsers to the S.F. Giants' and Pittsburgh Pirates' homepages.) Was gibst, Alan? Seems to me we have in what you say a textbook example of a statement deriving from expectations generated by an accepted hypothesis, without troubling to find out what's actually going on first. El 9 Jul 97 a las 23:20, james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> dixit: > Nikolai is throwing all sorts of weird ingredients into his witches' > brew in hopes of cooking up the magic elixir that will explain the > European Miracle. Its a waste of effort. There is no such elixir. > There was no miracle. Before 1492 Europe had ->nothing<- -- no > ingredient or combination of ingredients -- which would explain its > later rise to world hegemony. It all started at Palos. Ah ha! Blaut's finally let the cat out of the bag and revealed the secret of Europe's success. But what's the sleepy Andalusian port of Palos de la Frontera got to do with it, anyway? Well, for one thing it ain't European and thus fits his principal criterion; we all know that Africa begins at the Pyrenees. But what else might Palos have, besides being Columbus's point of departure, to commend it? Let's see, among other things it's an outlet for the renowned, spiritous wine produced from the vines that populate its hinterland, el campo jerezano. Andalusis and other Iberians, as well as Brits, Frenchmen and other European folk, all took a liking to fine sherry, and whet their whistles on it as often as possible. The Brits even went so far as to guarantee a ready supply, by establishing themselves in Palos and its environs from the late 14-c. onwards. Even today such well-known viticultural concerns as Williams & Humbert, Gonz=E1lez Byass and Osborne, attest abiding Brit influence in sherry production. Could it be that some ingredient in fine sherry--that "sol de Andaluc=EDa embotellado" (bottled Andalusian sun)-- did more to awake or instill an imperialist, capitalist macho beast in the collective European soul than, say, the mons argentorum of Potos=ED? Might be possible. Consider, for instance, the logo of the House of Osborne: an enraged feral bull, rearing up on its hind legs and exposing a pair of hypertrophied testicles. What capitalist oppressor worth his filthy lucre wouldn't wish to sport such virile accoutrements? Some, to be sure, might consider my reasoning far fetched, even preposterous. I would invite such skeptics to review the discussion's development thus far: Doesn't it seem to have gone from reverse invidious comparisons--Europeans were no better, and perhaps less, endowed with the wherewithal for imperial conquest than other peoples--to magic elixirs to... to...--Oh, come now!-- scholarly snake oil passed off as T=EDo Pepe? To paraphrase Padre Las Casas, who was surely by no means ignorant of the exquisite pleasure which accrues from sipping fine sherry, one doesn't know whether to laugh or cry. Desde las Monta=F1as Verdes, saludos virtuales de ******************************** #Stephen Homick # #mailto:shomimid@pop.k12.vt.us # ******************************** For PGP key reply to or click on: shomick@sover.net?Subject=3DSendPkey ********************************** REALITY.SYS FAILED Reboot Universe, Y/N? From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Thu Jul 10 15:10:05 1997 id RAA06094; Thu, 10 Jul 1997 17:09:53 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 17:08:31 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: Stephen Homick Subject: Re: What is the impact?/Dry Sack & World conquest! On Thu, 10 Jul 1997, Stephen Homick wrote: > I infer from this snippet that Alan Spector is of the opinion > that "blacks and "Latinos," whatever else they may be, are separate > races; separate from Asians as well as Caucasians and, by extension, > separate from each other. Alan Spector can speak for himself, I'm sure, but Stephen has misunderstood Alan's point. Alan was speaking about those who make such distinctions and the conclusions they draw from these reified distinctions (specifically, he was talking about the parameters of the thinkable that racial stereotyping sets in people's minds). In the United States, the general population and official sources do, rightly or wrongly, think of "blacks" and "Latinos" as separate races, and they do separate "Caucasians" and "Asians," etc. Andrew Austin From gernot.kohler@sheridanc.on.ca Thu Jul 10 18:02:25 1997 for ; Thu, 10 Jul 1997 20:02:23 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 20:02:23 -0400 (EDT) From: Gernot Kohler To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: global apartheid With reference to the discussion on race-related issues. A handful of writers, including Ali Mazrui, also myself, have compared the structure of the world system to the structure of (pre-Mandela) South African apartheid (in the sense of a system) and called it "global apartheid". The analogy has several dimensions: a (predominantly) white minority is dominant in the system (military and political power), has a vastly higher standard of living than the multiracial majority (wealth) and is privileged in several other dimensions. Over much of the past 500 years, this system was explicitly justified in racial superiority terms. How do others on the list react to such a concept (i.e., global apartheid)? Regards, -GK From cscpo@polsci.umass.edu Thu Jul 10 18:39:00 1997 Thu, 10 Jul 1997 20:38:56 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 20:38:41 -0400 From: "colin s. cavell" Subject: Re: global apartheid To: gernot.kohler@sheridanc.on.ca Gernot, As asymmetrical distribution of wealth and resources in the world indicates, with the primary historical benefit accruing to Europe and North America, both of which utilized racism and human bondage based on constructs of race and color, effectively over many decades, with many of these structures still extant and apologists still ascendant (as evidenced even on so-called "progressive" listservs), it is quite appropriate to characterize the current structure of world global social and political relations as approximating a system of "global apartheid." ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Colin S. Cavell "Had it not been for the race problem Department of Political Science early thrust upon me and enveloping Thompson Tower, Box 37520 me, I should have probably been an University of Massachusetts unquestioning worshipper at the shrine Amherst, MA 01003-7520 of the established social order and of Internet: cscpo@polsci.umass.edu the economic development into which I Voice: (413) 546-3408 was born." http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~cscpo --W.E.B. Du Bois, 1868-1963 ============================================================================= With reference to the discussion on race-related issues. A handful of writers, including Ali Mazrui, also myself, have compared the structure of the world system to the structure of (pre-Mandela) South African apartheid (in the sense of a system) and called it "global apartheid". The analogy has several dimensions: a (predominantly) white minority is dominant in the system (military and political power), has a vastly higher standard of living than the multiracial majority (wealth) and is privileged in several other dimensions. Over much of the past 500 years, this system was explicitly justified in racial superiority terms. How do others on the list react to such a concept (i.e., global apartheid)? Regards, -GK From p34d3611@jhu.edu Thu Jul 10 21:27:45 1997 10 Jul 1997 23:27:19 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 23:26:57 -0400 From: Peter Grimes Subject: Re: global apartheid In-reply-to: To: Gernot Kohler I agree w/the essence of the point/description. --Peter Grimes From rkmoore@iol.ie Fri Jul 11 02:57:20 1997 Date: Fri, 11 Jul 1997 09:57:08 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: Re: global apartheid, science, and wsn 7/11/97, Gernot Kohler wrote: >The analogy has several dimensions: a (predominantly) white >minority is dominant in the system (military and political power), has a >vastly higher standard of living than the multiracial majority (wealth) >and is privileged in several other dimensions. Over much of the past 500 >years, this system was explicitly justified in racial superiority terms. >How do others on the list react to such a concept (i.e., global apartheid)? You didn't mention another obvious part of the analogy - immigration restrictions as analog to the "apart" aspect of apartheid. My own response, since you ask, is that the analogy is a very good one. The thesis might be expressed as "Apartheid: microcosm of Euro imperialism". Most of the wsn discussion on race/racism has had very little to do with how race/racism relates to world-systems - it's had mostly to with personal opinions about "race", propaganda strategies toward some unspecified target audience, and, very occassionally, scientific results re/ genetics and ethnicity. The _relevance_ of "race"/racism to w-s may perhaps be summarized as: (1) Racism is about 1mm beneath the skin of at least 90% of the world's population, in the cases where it isn't overt. (2) Because of (1), racism is a potent and available tool for political manipulation by elites everywhere. (3) This is very unlikely to change in the forseeable future. (4) _Perceived_ racial identities (totally independent of the actualities of genetics or ethnicity) have always been and will long continue to be significant factors in the politics and architectures of world systems. Neither wishing these facts away, nor proclaiming the invalidity of "race", will change the situtation. --- As a side note, let me say that in my observation nothing is more embarrasingly unscientific than a gathering of scientists condemning a notion that is unpopular amongst them. For example, Alan Spector said (9 Jul): >It reminds me of the astrology argument. The moon exerts tremendous gravity >on the Earth--pulls up millions of gallons of water with the tides. So the >astrologers asserts with no serious data, that Pluto lining up with >Uranus will affect a person's mood. If anyone actually was interested in a scientific analysis of astrology, the initial relevant questions would be: (1) Are there any correlations between date-of-birth and observed personality characteristics? (2) If so, do the date-linked characteristics bear any relationship to the personality "types" proclaimed by proponents of astrology? One can, presumably, dismiss out of hand the notion that heavenly bodies have anything to do with this issue. If in fact time-of-year has some effect on personality development, and this was observed empirically by the founders of astrology, then presumably they searched for an explanation and came up with a stupid one: the position of certain stars in the ecliptic. They found something that was correlated, and presumed it was causative - they concluded that the clock was the cause of time passage and of all related phenomenon. But as to the issue of date-related characteristics - has anyone even looked at that question scientifically? Most commentators, like Spector, don't even realize what the relevant scientific queries would be, let alone having any notion of what pursuing them might lead to. And yet they smugly pontificate, supported by the shared prejudices of their community, the absurdity of astrology. One couldn't find a less scientific discussion among washerwomen at a Third-World stream. Believers in astrology at least have the argument that they perceive a correlation between astrology "readings" and their own and their friend's personalities. Their belief is therefore considerably more scientifically based than any of the anti-astrology arguments I've ever seen. I suspect many on this list won't realize that the above is a discussion of the scientific process and the sociology of scientists - not a defense of astrology. rkm From chriscd@jhu.edu Fri Jul 11 07:11:19 1997 Fri, 11 Jul 1997 09:09:11 -0400 (EDT) Date: Fri, 11 Jul 1997 09:08:04 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: [Fwd: July Issue of ISA (international studies association)Newsletter] To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu This is a multi-part message in MIME format. --Boundary_[ID_1MCL07ja5ZL6zM0Rhd16cg] this is re the International _Studies_ Association, not the International Sociological Association. --Boundary_[ID_1MCL07ja5ZL6zM0Rhd16cg] chriscd@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu; Thu, 10 Jul 1997 13:42:14 -0400 (EDT) (LISTSERV-TCP/IP release 1.8c) ; Thu, 10 Jul 1997 09:51:01 -0700 (MST) Date: Thu, 10 Jul 1997 12:49:05 -0400 From: Lawrence E Imwalle Subject: July Issue of ISA Newsletter Sender: International Studies Association News To: ISA-NEWS@LISTSERV.ARIZONA.EDU Reply-to: Lawrence E Imwalle Approved-By: Lawrence E Imwalle This message is in MIME format. The first part should be readable text, while the remaining parts are likely unreadable without MIME-aware tools. Send mail to mime@docserver.cac.washington.edu for more info. --Boundary_[ID_MLxgJFlRp+rBkWp/wpkHqQ] Dear ISA Members: The July Issue of the ISA Newsletter is available on the ISA Web Site: http://www.isanet.org/ Just follow the links under "Newsletters". Remember, you will need your ISA member ID# to access the current issue of the ISA Newsletter. A text version of the Newsletter is attached to this message for you to read in the event you are unable to access the web version. 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--Boundary_[ID_1MCL07ja5ZL6zM0Rhd16cg]-- From 70671.2032@CompuServe.COM Fri Jul 11 07:59:19 1997 for wsn@csf.colorado.edu; Fri, 11 Jul 1997 09:59:16 -0400 (EDT) Date: 11 Jul 97 09:52:43 EDT From: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> To: world systems network Subject: sherry etc Steve Homick: That's very interesting, about Palos having been a port from which sherry was exported. I thought it went mainly from Cadiz, Jerez de la Frontera, and Sevilla. The rest of your comment I take it is a giggle at my ridicluous theory about the rise of Europe. I'm fed up to the eyes with this sort of japery. Read my book and tell me precisely where I am mistaken or..shut up. And you comment about Spector suggests ominous questions about your own views: for instance, are you opposed to Affirmative Action since it recognizes race? Jim Blaut From dgreen@UDel.Edu Fri Jul 11 08:48:00 1997 Date: Fri, 11 Jul 1997 10:47:51 -0400 (EDT) From: Daniel M Green To: Gernot Kohler Subject: Re: global apartheid In-Reply-To: I would argue that globalization of investment and financial flows is actually breaking down apartheid-like barriers more than reinforcing them, though the apartheid analogy still has alot of validity. With globalization we are all becoming servants to the same master. Apartheid-like geographic divisions are being re-created inside all countries, but the previously privileged countries have lost alot of those privileges. This is the logical result of freer trade. Immigration restrictions obviously reinforce separation, but when you look at the polarization of incomes in the US, it is clear that a large portion of Americans have lost a great deal with the internationalization of the American economy. Apartheid is in America now, like it always has been in South Africa, Brazil or Mexico, but class stratification cuts across countries. - DMG On Thu, 10 Jul 1997, Gernot Kohler wrote: > With reference to the discussion on race-related issues. > A handful of writers, including Ali Mazrui, also myself, have compared > the structure of the world system to the structure of (pre-Mandela) South > African apartheid (in the sense of a system) and called it "global > apartheid". The analogy has several dimensions: a (predominantly) white > minority is dominant in the system (military and political power), has a > vastly higher standard of living than the multiracial majority (wealth) > and is privileged in several other dimensions. Over much of the past 500 > years, this system was explicitly justified in racial superiority terms. > How do others on the list react to such a concept (i.e., global apartheid)? > > Regards, > -GK > From chriscd@jhu.edu Fri Jul 11 10:15:40 1997 Fri, 11 Jul 1997 12:13:21 -0400 (EDT) Date: Fri, 11 Jul 1997 12:12:15 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: systems of cities and world-systems To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu A paper that Alice Willard and I wrote for the 1993 International Studies Association meetings is now available over the web. The title is "Systems of Cities and World-Systems: Settlement Size Hierarchies and Cycles of Political Centralization, 2000 BC-1988 AD" the address is: http://www.jhu.edu:80/~soc/pcid/papers/17/pcidpap17.htm The paper is linked to a dataset that contains city population sizes over the past 4000 years. chris From spector@calumet.purdue.edu Fri Jul 11 20:20:36 1997 X-NUPop-Charset: English Date: Fri, 11 Jul 1997 21:23:30 -0600 (CST) From: "Alan Spector" Sender: spector@calumet.purdue.edu Reply-To: spector@calumet.purdue.edu To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: Clarification Stephen Homick wrote: <<<< I infer from this snippet that Alan Spector is of the opinion that "blacks and "Latinos," whatever else they may be, are separate races; separate from Asians as well as Caucasians and, by extension, separate from each other.>>>> The WHOLE POINT of my several postings to WSN on this matter is exactly the opposite of what Stephen Homick apparently inferred; it was to emphasize the ways that biology is misused in classifying people according to so-called "race". However, to coin a new phrase, "ideas can become a material force in the world when they are grasped by people", and therefore, the IDEA of "race" can have very profound impacts on the world. Therefore, while rejecting the folklore notion that there are any significant measurable differences in behaviors or abilities between the groups which are casually classified as belonging to different so-called "races"-----it is important to recognize that there is real oppression being carried out because some people believe that those myths are true--and therefore it is important to recognize the specific forms of oppression and make special efforts, as we combat all forms of oppression, to deal with the especially brutal forms of oppression that members of subordinate so-called "racial", ethnic, and religious groups are subjected to. Alan Spector, who really would like to see more postings by people with current research on IMF, SAP, which U.S. financial groups are focusing on which parts of the world, how differences in financial interests manifest themselves as political differences over China, Zaire, expansion of NATO, Iraq/Iran, etc.......... From mwtyrrel@ccs.carleton.ca Sat Jul 12 08:28:46 1997 From: "Marc W.D. Tyrrell" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Sat, 12 Jul 1997 10:36:22 +0000 Subject: Re: Historical Dynamics > 7/09/97, Randy Groves wrote to philofhi: > >In my view then, the historical role played by the Mongols is > > explainable largely in terms of the technology and military strategy. > >[snip] > Such a factor might be a unique and unprecedented level of personal drive > on the part of Khan himself, a depletion of local resources, or whatever. > But if we are are identifying causation, then we need a timing explanation > equally as much as we need a capacity explanation. If I remember correctly, the expansion dynamic was "caused", in part, by a series of drought conditions which changed the grazing patterns of the herds the Mongols lived on. I believe that some archaeological work has been conducted on this (unfortunately I can't remember the references). BTW: Richard, the term "Khan" is a title, not a name. >[snip] > In the case of Euro expansion, one can begin to study the effect of > specific factors by first asking the right questions. Two of the most > critical questions, in my opinion, would be: > (1) How did the political power of the capitalist class vary over time. > (2) What was the portfolio of capitalist investments over time. > > >From (1), we might learn, for example, that capitalists started out with > minimal political influence compared to the landed aristocracy, but that > over time their influence increased and eventually became dominant. One > could presumably determine within a decade or two when the balance of power > shifted by looking at government records. That "point" in time would mark > the "enabling" of the "capitalist factor" to become determinative in > national policy. Hmm. Given that you are drawing on a factor/force model, then how would you define a "point"? This is especially problematic since the "aristocracy" was not always "landed" (e.g. the merchantile aristocracy in Venice, or the military/banking aristicracy of the Sforzas). It also strikes me that treating "capitalist/-ism" as a *single* force is inappropriate. What will you look at as its key characteristics? Accumulation of capital? If that is the case, then one could easily argue that the Roman Empire was "capitalist". There is certainly no doubt that Crassus and Otho influence "national" policy. > >From (2), one might learn that portfolios were in domestic manufacture, > domestic commerce, and foreign trade, let's say. By looking at the growth > of these portfolios over time, one might notice that a point of diminishing > returns was reached - where further investment under existing circumstances > was no longer profitable. Again, if we pin that event down to, say, a > decade, then we have a "point" in time at which the capitalists are > _motivated_ to encourage expansionism - a point where the "capitalist > factor" becomes "pro-expansion". Once again, this type of examination and argument could be applied to the founding and expansion of the Roman Empire. Certainly an solid argument can be made that it meets all of your criteria. Was the Roman Empire "capitalist"? > When both (1) and (2) enablers had occurred (capitalists BOTH influential > AND expansionist), then one would expect to begin to see evidence of > effective expansionist activism, on the part of capitalists, in the > society. Again, a question of definition. The Cathars in southern France in the 11th century probably meet all of your criteria. Their end was not, IMHO, "effective". > ONLY THEN would it become relevant whether or not the society has the > military CAPACITY to expand - without the societal motivation, the capacity > can only be potential. And for the motivation to arise, there must be some > factor in the society which is driving that motivation, and which is > sufficiently influential to make its direction dominant. I really don't know if the motivation must be dominant. Think about early British expansion (say, up to 1750). Many of the components of the British Imperium were under the control of merchant companies (e.g. the British East India Company, the Hudson's Bay Company, the British Far East Company, etc.). British *military* power, both in terms of capacity and battlefield power, was limited to continental and North American conflicts, usually directly related to dynastic power struggles in Europe. "Expansion", per se, was driven by NGO's, not State organizations. Since we can easily find "pre-capitalist" examples of this type of pattern, what then is "unique", if anything? Marc Marc W.D. Tyrrell PhD. Candidate Department of Sociology and Anthropology, Carleton University From rkmoore@iol.ie Sat Jul 12 11:16:47 1997 Date: Sat, 12 Jul 1997 18:16:34 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: Re: Historical Dynamics & Corporate Growth-Imperative 7/12/97, Marc W.D. Tyrrell wrote: >Since we can easily find "pre-capitalist" examples of this type of >pattern, what then is "unique", if anything? Dear Marc, Thanks for your perceptive observations. Please understand I was only trying to give an example of what I meant by "dynamic analysis", in answer to Randy's comment: >"identification of dynamic pattern-trends." (I think I know what you >mean. Sort of.) Maybe a bit more on that would help. So I improvised a mini-thesis (capitalism as cause of Euro expansion) and sketched out how one might investigate the dynamics. On the historic details necessary to investigate "for real" I'm weak - my contribution (if any) to wsn is the "sytems" part, I have a good handle on systems (both logical and real) since that's been my career field and personal interest as well for some time. History has been a hobby, but I'm clearly out my depth history-wise on this list. --- I'll comment first on your question about "unique"... My line of argument is that for expansionism to arise, there needs to be: (1) CAPACITY: military capability to expand (2) DRIVING ELEMENT: element in the society which has a motivation to expand and which is sufficiently influential to obtain necessary societal support We know Europe had the capacity militarily to expand, and the economic base to upgrade that capacity if sufficiently motivated. The driving element might have been capitalism, at least the question is worth investigating. I'd want to chart the "societal influence" of capitalism, and chart the "expansion motivation" of capitalism - over time. If these charts synchronized with Euro expansionism generally, then I'd say capitalism would be a strong contendor for the title of "primary driving element" of Euro expansion. Let's say that capitalism WAS the driving element. That still doesn't mean capitalism was the "unique factor" in Euro global SUCCESS - it simply means capitalism was the MOTIVATOR: the SUCCESS Europe experienced with expansionism might accrue to other circumstances in Europe and in the world... things like "relative military power", existence of "expansion competitors", etc. If one wants to attribute the SUCCESS to capitalism, one would need to make a case that capital-driven expansion was more effective in some way than other modes of expansion. My opinion on what was UNIQUE about Euro expansionism, in terms of its global successes, is simply LUCKY HISTORICAL TIMING - Euro's TURN at the expansion GAME happened to come at a time when: (1) sizable, world-travelling, trading ships were obtainable (2) cannon-based warships were obtainable (3) new-world trade had been opened, with all that implied European expansionism might have been driven by something other than capitalism, and the result might have been quite similar. Something, perhaps capitalism, perhaps a complex of drivers, was the TRIGGER - but Europe itself was the GUN. The power of Europe at that particular time, and located where it was, meant that if ANY expansion-trigger came along, the result could be historically momentous. The Crusades, I'd say, were not capitalist driven. And they are an earlier example of Euro expansionism. This proves that other motivators are possible, but little else, as so many of the conditions for wider success simply didn't exist at that time. But if capitalism had been around then it might have made some difference - it would have provided a mechanism (beyond trading and looting) to translate territorial power into value, and might have motivated better-organized and better-funded Crusades. --- >It also strikes me that treating "capitalist/-ism" as a *single* >force is inappropriate. What will you look at as its key >characteristics? Accumulation of capital? If that is the case, then >one could easily argue that the Roman Empire was "capitalist". There >is certainly no doubt that Crassus and Otho influence "national" >policy. The aspect of Western capitalism that I consider most characteristic is what I call the "growth imperative". Western capitalism (and this may or may not be unique) is not based on the accumulation of wealth - it's based on the growth of capital. The paradigm is to invest in a venture (now institutionalized as the CORPORATION) which promises to increase the value of the investment. The investor later extracts his increased value (by selling stock) and re-invests it elsewhere. If he spends or retains his profit to any considerable extent - he's not a capitalist. Note that operating profitability of the corporation itself is of strictly secondary concern. A corporation whose operations run at a loss can be a very good capital investment if there is reason to expect the corporate assets can be sold at a profit in some future time-window. It is a common MISPERCEPTION that capitalism is PRIMARILY driven by maximization of corporate profits. This can be observed quantitatively by noting which profit/earnings ratios are "permitted" for different corporate sectors by Wall Street. What we have with Western capitalism is a collection of publicly-traded corporations, each of which is possessed by the GROWTH IMPERATIVE - the CORPORATION's only reason for being is to INCREASE THE VALUE of itself (more or less: its total stock valuation). Profit is simply a means of internal-funding for growth. If a society has such a collection of growth-driven corporations, then guess what? - they grow. The society increasingly depends on them to maintain economic activity, and so they naturally become increasingly influential in societal policy making. At some point the collective corporate ability to grow runs into the boundaries of societal circumstances, and the corporate growth imperative transforms into a societal-growth imperative, driven by the underlying corporate imperative. As you pointed out with the East India Company, they expanded into India on their own - they had to use some of their own profits to fund an administrative infrastructure. They eventually managed to get London to take over, and the more usual procedure has been for corporate influence to obtain government managment (and public funding) of infrastructure expansion - this is the most fundamental example of "corporate welfare". Recall the ex-marine author who described his career as "making the world safe for Standard Oil". I don't believe Rome was capitalist in this sense. But even if it were, that wouldn't change any of this analysis. Rome didn't expand further for reasons unrelated to its economic system - it simply reached the limits of its military and administrative capacity, given the technology and tactics of the day. --- >Again, a question of definition. The Cathars in southern France in >the 11th century probably meet all of your criteria. Their end was >not, IMHO, "effective". I'm not sure what your point is here. Let's assume the Cathars were capitalist and had reached the point where they desired to expand - the question then is their capacity. They simply didn't have enough relative strength to take over France, let alone expand further. --- I hope this clarifies. Looing forward to your further comments. I'll be on holiday for a week, will catch up then. Regards, Richard From rragland@csir.co.za Sat Jul 12 11:50:19 1997 Date: Sat, 12 Jul 1997 20:59:00 +0300 From: Richard Ragland To: spector@calumet.purdue.edu, wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: World Systems, World Order, and World Unity World systems will organically develop through the process of building world order. World order can only come about through world unity which will come about by the majority of world citizens recognising that we are all one. Rick From Arctos@worldnet.att.net Sat Jul 12 16:12:39 1997 From: Arctos@worldnet.att.net by mtigwc03.worldnet.att.net (post.office MTA v2.0 0613 ) Date: Sat, 12 Jul 1997 14:44:16 -0700 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: Library Rescue I am writing to let you know about an emergency situation that I believe will be of interest and concern to the members of this list. Thank you in advance for taking the time to read this letter. My name is Noga Weinstein, and I have studied and worked at the Central American Institute of Prehistoric and Traditional Cultures at Belize for over a year. The Institute is a non-profit research and educational institution, established in 1991 and granted full recognition by the Minister of Education, Government of Belize (Education Act of 1991, Section 38). The Institute's mission is to preserve indigenous cultures through the preservation of traditional knowledge, and my time at the Institute has given me the opportunity to become involved first-hand with the important research that the Institute has been conducting in anthropology, ethnobotany, and traditional healing techniques. (For more information about the Institute, please, take a look at our website: http://world.std.com/~chacmol/ .) The Institute has the largest research and educational library in Belize, consisting of rare and out-of-print books, field notes, medicinal plant specimens, artifacts, slides and photographs of indigenous groups that have already disappeared -- an invaluable and irreplaceable resource. The recent series of rain storms and hurricanes have damaged the facility that houses the library and archives, and moisture and worms have penetrated the building. The collection is facing imminent destruction, and we are urgently trying to raise the funds to rescue it. If you would like to help with this emergency situation, please, read the letter from the Director of the Institute, below, and you will find more information about the library rescue operation. If you have any further questions, e-mail me at Arctos@worldnet.att.net, or call (818) 344-8516. I would be glad to send you more information about the Institute and the library emergency situation, and answer any questions you may have. Thank you in advance for any help you can offer. Sincerely, Noga Weinstein --------------------------------------------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------------------- Dear Colleague, The Central American Institute of Prehistoric and Traditional Cultures at Belize urgently needs your assistance. The Institute has the largest research and educational library in Belize, consisting of irreplaceable books, photographs, artifacts, field notes, and other archival materials. The recent rain storms and hurricanes have damaged the library and archival storage. Algae, microflora, worms, and the dense tropical moisture have penetrated our building and are rapidly destroying the collection. This is a loss that the people of Belize cannot afford. Several of our staff members have returned to the United States to appeal for help in rescuing this irreplaceable resource. We have initiated a Library Rescue Operation to raise emergency funds, and urgently need your support. The Central American Institute was established under a registry charter in 1991, and granted full recognition by the Ministry of Education of the Government of Belize, in accordance with the Education Act of 1991, Section 38. The Institute is a non-profit research and educational institution, established for the purposes of promoting the preservation of ancient and traditional worldviews and materials, and to act as a center for the dissemination of knowledge and interest in the study of such cultures. The Institute aims at preserving indigenous cultures through the preservation of traditional knowledge. Now, this traditional knowledge is about to be destroyed. The Institute's library and archives contain documentation of indigenous groups that have already disappeared. If these field notes, slides, photographs, and artifacts are destroyed, there will be no way to replace them. The collection also consists of plant specimens and ethnobotanical fieldwork, documenting and exploring the medicinal value of rain forest flora. The destruction of this collection would be a great loss to all who value our planet's biodiversity, and seek new medical solutions to today's health problems. Further, the Institute's collection consists of rare and out-of-print books, providing an extremely valuable resource to ethnologists, botanists, scientists, and students alike. The Institute's collection contains priceless research and documentation about the Maya, Creole, and Garifuna populations of Belize and the neighboring regions. The collection, however, is not limited to Central America, but contains information from around the world: from South America, to the Middle East, to Siberia. Once this material is lost, this cultural and educational resource will be gone forever. The rescue will be carried out in three phases, as follows: Phase I: Salvage: Remove and Store. The collection needs to be dried, repacked, and shipped to a safe, temporary storage facility until we can rehabilitate a facility for the collection. This will require movers, customs fees, transport fees, and storage fees, totaling $60,000. Phase II: Restoration and Conservation. Professional restoration and preservation of the collection: books, field notes, plant specimens, photographs, slides, audio and video recordings, computer disk repairs. Total: $25,000 (contingent on rescue time). Phase III: Provide a safe facility for the collection. Construct safe housing for the library and archives, so that it can be brought back into circulation. Total: $55,000. Emergency Fund Goal: US $140,000. Time is of the essence. We need $60,000 now to halt the destruction, $25,000 to restore the collection, and $55,000 to bring it out of storage and back into circulation. We are appealing to foundations, corporations, research societies, institutes, individuals, and television and radio announcements to raise these funds. We need your help to disseminate this appeal to other parties within your own, as well as other related organizations and memberships, in the hopes of consolidating our efforts to rescue the Institute's research and cultural resources. We can provide documentation of our non-profit and educational status, and a detailed break-down of the allocation of funds. Further information about the Institute can be obtained on our Website at http://world.std.com/~chacmol/ . The Institute is also listed in Issue 4 of the People and Plants Handbook, published by World Wide Fund for Nature (WWF), UNESCO, and Royal Botanic Gardens-Kew. In these times of modernization, Westernization, and technology, traditional life is being displaced and destroyed irrevocably. It is imperative that we preserve cultural and natural resources, traditional epistemologies, and biodiversity. We appeal to you to support the Central American Institute in its drive to preserve these resources for the benefit of the developing country of Belize, as well as the global community. We all thank you for your support. Sincerely, Dr. Michael Naxon Director ************************************************************* Emergency Fund Central American Institute at Belize 8033 Sunset Blvd. Suite 2040 Los Angeles, CA 90046 818-344-8516 (Emergency Fund line) Arctos@worldnet.att.net http://world.std.com/~chacmol/ Checks can be made payable to: Central American Institute. Your contribution will be formally recognized by the Institute, as well as on our homepage. ************************************************************** From gernot.kohler@sheridanc.on.ca Sun Jul 13 16:12:00 1997 Sun, 13 Jul 1997 18:11:56 -0400 (EDT) Date: Sun, 13 Jul 1997 18:11:46 -0400 (EDT) From: Gernot Kohler To: Daniel M Green Subject: Re: global apartheid In-Reply-To: Refugees were mentioned on this thread. There is a Canadian book out which studies global refugee problems in this context: Anthony H. Richmond, _Global Apartheid: Refugees, Racism, and the New World Order_(Toronto: Oxford U P, 1994). One book applies the apartheid concept to the U.S.: Douglas S. Massey, _American Apartheid: Segregation and the Making of the Underclass_ (Cambridge: Harvard U P, 1993) For lovers of deep history (500 years - 5000 years), there is a French book which criticizes the current world system in terms of global apartheid and traces the intellectual origins of Western claims for global supremacy to the Roman empire -- Jean-Christophe Rufin, _L'empire et les nouveaux barbares (France: Editions Jean-Claude Lattes, 1991). I am not sure whether the concept of global apartheid adds a lot to otherwise existing analyses of the world system. However, it has, in my view, some *praxeological* value, in the sense that it may help to imagine how one could possibly bring about some improvements. Thus one could draw a parallel between Wagar's notion of a world party and the (South African) ANC. Another way of looking at it could be that one needs converging forces for change on both sides -- on the Western/Northern topdog side and the non-Western underdog side. As a praxeological concept, global apartheid points to the importance of non-economic factors that need to be addressed in any strategy of change. But I am sure that is nothing new for wsn'ers. The question whether the last 25 years of globalization have begun to break down global apartheid, is a difficult one. At a symposium where related questions were discussed, the Third Worlders among the participants seemed to agree that global apartheid has gotten worse for the South during this period through new forms of domination, including IMF conditionality etc. (see, special issue of _Alternatives_ (World Policy Institute, New York), vol. 19, no. 2 (Spring 1994)). On the other hand, there are also signs of a "Third Worldization" of the North. Ali Mazrui expressed the view that the racism in "global apartheid" is not just "structural", but very much "overt" as well (Ali Mazrui, "Global Apartheid: Structural and Overt," _Alternatives_ 19, no. 2 (Spring 1994). My own essays on the subject are: G.Kohler, "Global Apartheid," _Alternatives_ 4, no. 2 (October 1978), p. 263-275; and "The Three Meanings of Global Apartheid: Empirical , Normative, Existential," _Alternatives_ 20 (1995), p. 403-413. One interesting *empirical/analytic* issue arising from the concept of global apartheid has to do with boundaries. If I understand this correctly, the general presumption in world(-)system analysis is that global capitalism is more or less ignoring national boundaries. In the global apartheid view of the system, there is one type of boundary that matters a great deal-- namely, the boundary separating the predominantly white labour markets of the North from the multi-racial labour markets of the South of the world. (See, Arjun Mukherji, "Economic Apartheid in the New World Order," in Phyllis Bennis and M. Moushabeck, eds., _Altered States: A Reader in the New World Order_(New York: Olive Branch Press, 1993). Thanks for interesting comments on my previous post. Regards, Gernot Kohler Sheridan College Oakville, Ontario, Canada From shomick@sover.net Sun Jul 13 21:35:54 1997 for ; Sun, 13 Jul 1997 23:35:50 -0400 (EDT) From: "Stephen Homick" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Sun, 13 Jul 1997 23:42:27 -0400 Subject: Re: Clarification/"In Vino Veritas" In-reply-to: <199707112123319062.spector@nwi.calumet.purdue.edu> El 11 Jul 97 a las 21:23, Alan Spector dixit: > The WHOLE POINT of my several postings to WSN on this matter is > exactly the opposite of what Stephen Homick apparently inferred; it > was to emphasize the ways that biology is misused in classifying > people according to so-called "race". However, to coin a new > phrase, "ideas can become a material force in the world when they > are grasped by people", and therefore, the IDEA of "race" can have > very profound impacts on the world. I certainly don't have an axe to grind with Alan Spector over his critique of the misuse of biology in "racial classification," and indeed concur with it. However, I'm at loggerheads with what I consider his ill-advised choice of the word "Latino," to underscore the point he was at pains to make. It's, as I've made plain, a deceptive, imprecise term, bereft of any classificatory significance, but nonetheless used to foster ends both prejudicial and detrimental to harmonious social interaction generally. In fact Spector's use of it at all gives me pause to wonder on which side of the fence he's actually perched. Will Alan Spector call out on the carpet those who employ "Latino" to champion such noxious goals, with the force and conviction that he criticizes the "dominant ideology for doing the same with "white" or "Anglo?" El 11 Jul 97 a las 9:52, james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> dixit: > Steve Homick: That's very interesting, about Palos having been a > port from which sherry was exported. I thought it went mainly from > Cadiz, Jerez de la Frontera, and Sevilla. > > The rest of your comment I take it is a giggle at my ridicluous > theory about the rise of Europe. I'm fed up to the eyes with this > sort of japery. Read my book and tell me precisely where I am > mistaken or..shut up. > > And you comment about Spector suggests ominous questions about your > own views: for instance, are you opposed to Affirmative Action since > it recognizes race? Think again, Jim: Palos was, and is, an outlet for a race of wine known as "El Condado, which is akin to sherry and which is produced in an area of the same name that lies just to the southeast of the port and extends to the Marismas and Dona=F1a. El Condado, it's worth noting, has achieved a certain notoriety for the raising of feral bulls as well. Sanl=FAcar de Barrameda and Puerto de Santa Mar=EDa, not C=E1diz, Jerez or Sevilla, are the historical outlets for the manifold races of sherry. Apropos of your thesis--I wouldn't go so far as to label it a theory--it simply doesn't explain to my satisfaction the complex and exceedingly long rise of Europe to "global dominion." In your penultimate posting you stated, "It all started at Palos." And that little quip put me to thinking if the port had some secret quality--a magical "elixir," if you will-- that might have jump-started the juggernaut of European imperial expansion. The results of my meditation are known and require no further comment. Jim, do show me where in Title 41, Ch. 60 of the Federal Code--the enabling legislation for Affirmative Action programs--the word "race" is mentioned, let alone recognized. What AA recognizes are certain "affected" classes which in turn are identified as women and "minority groups," including "Blacks," "Spanish-surnamed Americans," "American Indians" and "Orientals." I'll grant that my copy of the law is over 20 years old; but I doubt seriously that "race" may have been substituted for "minority groups" in any subsequent amendments. Desde las Monta=F1as Verdes, saludos virtuales de ******************************** #Stephen Homick # #mailto:shomimid@pop.k12.vt.us # ******************************** For PGP key reply to or click on: shomick@sover.net?Subject=3DSendPkey ********************************** REALITY.SYS FAILED Reboot Universe, Y/N? From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Mon Jul 14 08:07:22 1997 Mon, 14 Jul 1997 21:02:03 +0700 (NSD) 14 Jul 97 21:02:06 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: PHILOFHI@YORKU.CA Date: Mon, 14 Jul 1997 21:01:55 -0600 (NSK) Subject: Re: Dominance of Europe Explanation it's my answer to the questions of Randy Groves on the factors of European dominance > From: Randy Groves > Dear Nikolai, > Your post concerning the various factors behind European Dominance > was well done, and I find myself in agreement with most of it. I do > have some questions and comments though. > > On the Material Factors: > > 1. Central Geoeconomic position: I take it your view is partly that > of Blaut's that Europe was simply closer than Asia to the New World, the main thing is that Europeans managed to utilize this geographical advantage. western Africans and Arabs in Spain before Reconquista were more close to Americas than Europeans but the fact is that they DID NOT use this chance > 2. Abundance of precious metals in New WOrld with dificiency in the > East. Isn't a key factor here also the balance of trade between Europe and > Asia? Didn't Europe use the precious metals to make up for unequal > terms of trade? yes, this first part of the story seems to last almost for 350 years (1500- 1850), during this period Asians needed almost NOTHING from Europeans besides silver and gold. But in some 'point' (mid-XVII?) of the second part of the story already began when Hollands (and later Englishmen) began utilizing their central position for massive investments into domestic manufactories and industry. The most intersting here is the comparison of their strategies with typical behavior of Spanish elite - the major 'owner' of New World treasures. Spains DID NOT invest their grand incomes into domestic production, they could buy everything both from Europe (say from Netherlands) and from Asia (via the same Netherlands!). One can see here that a central position only GIVES CHANCE but does not determine geoeconomic success. > > Also, what is your argument concerning deficiency of labor resources > in America? (This is merely a query of clarification) first of all i mean cotton production and other plantations in Americas that needed large amount of manual low-qulified labor. The demand for these products was rather high (first from Europe then also from northern States), but white European colonizers had already master using of slavery labor of American natives (f.e. in Cuba and Haiti), really they migrated from Europe in order to be rich, at least to become masters, but not for suffering on cotton plantations! The problem was that Indians, especially in Northern America almost perished because of genocide and deseases. (It seems that in any case Northern-American Indians were not appropriate for slavery labor because of their psychical qualities of military-barbarian nobless). In this situation the possibility to bring from Africa masses of people shocked by violence and radical change of environment was realized as an extremely profitable (and extremely shameful from modern viewpoint) business. > > 3. Demographical overpopulation in Europe. On this one, I remember > reading about the depopulation of Europe because of the Black Death, > and the subsequent rise of wages having a role in the modernization > of the European economy. How do see overpopulation factoring into the > explanation? Does it fit with my comments about the previous > depopulation? every depopulation gives 'space' (free resources) for further demographical growth (but sometimes of new ethnoses and on the base of new social and cultural structures) that's why i treat Black Death in XIV as an organic preface of the further 'story' of European expansion XVI-XX the growth of European economics since XVI caused demographical growth (it is a rather universal historical law at least for preindustrial societies), after the definite point overpopulation causes social propblems and there are several ways to 'solve' them (migrations, wars, genocide, decrease of wages, seeking for new food resources etc). But in Europe overpopulation coincided with colonization (a special version of migration), so the dynamic strategy (the term of G.Snooks) of colonization was provided by main resourse - colonists. > Social Factors: > > 1. Social resonance: I would add the very important role of the > insurance industry in mitigating the great risk factor in the > Atlantic maritime traffic. right, this goes also for colonization in Indian Ocean. The necessity to wait for return of transoceanic expeditions was very significant for development not only insurance but also banking and degree of 'freedom to make decisions' by merchants and first capitalists > > 4. Could you explain a bit more concerning the "multi-polarity of > Europe," and its role in dominance of the West? > Cultural Factors: > > Nikolai: 1. diversity, permanent competition between European cultures which > causes the higher level of flexibility etc. Randy Groves: I take it the argument > here was that since European nations were more competitive with each > other, they had to be more flexible about cultural practices that > relate to commerce than, say, the Chinese, who were more centralized > and therefore less flexible? Correct? On the other hand, India was > rather less centralized. Nevertheless, one could argue that the > greater distance made them underdogs in maritime competition for the > New World. the multipolarity of Europe (Italy-France-Spain-Austria-Netherlands- England- Germany) seems to be rather obvious (compare Europe with unipolar Russia, China, Osman Imperium). Randy rightly mentioned India as also a multi-polar oicumena and I would add here also the Islamic world. In India multi-polarity realized mostly in traditional land military activities, but the Islamic world had also 'the will for expansion' and achieved grand success since at least XI (commerce from Indonesia to Volga and Novgorod, from Samarkand to Spain and Marokko) why so successul and strong world-economy stopped trials for expansion since XVI- XVII, why Arabs did not compete with Europeans in the world colonization and trade? - this is the question > > 2. Cultural patterns of long-distance marinbe colonization. Here > again, your argument with China is fairly solid, but I am not so sure > about India. Anyone have some facts on this? as far as I know major long-distance merchants in Indian oceans were Arabs, not Indians (Radjas were satisfied by taking customs dues) > > 3. European Science: you are obviously disagreeing with Gunder Frank > and Blaut on this one. This looks like a battle royal shaping up on > this issue. My own view is that while Euro-science had less of a role > than previously thought in giving rise to Euro-economic dominance, it > still played a role in solidifying the gains made by the more > practical/technological advances. agree > > 4. The Weber Thesis: So you are holding out against the critics of > Weber. I always liked the argument myself, but I was led to question > it by some empirical studies that showed Catholic areas of Europe > were just as successful as the Protestant ones. I would be very > interested in your extended argument of this issue. Anyone who could > resurrect the Weber thesis would be making a very important argument > given the disfavor the thesis is in currently. this is right only for the first part of the story - an imperial invasion of new territories (Catholic Spain and Portugal) but then the profit from colonization changed from pure robbery and extracting tribute to organization of production and this process was another side of pushing out Catholics (Spains, Portugals, Frenchmen) by Protestants (Hollands and Englishmen) thanks for attention and sorry for too long msg best, Nikolai *********************************************************** Nikolai S. Rozov # Address: Dept.of Philosophy Prof.of Philosophy # Novosibirsk State University rozov@cnit.nsu.ru # 630090, Novosibirsk Fax: (3832) 355237 # Pirogova 2, RUSSIA Moderator of the mailing list PHILOFHI (PHILosophy OF HIstory and theoretical history) http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/~dew7e/anthronet/subscribe /philofhi.html ************************************************************ From dgreen@UDel.Edu Mon Jul 14 13:27:00 1997 Date: Mon, 14 Jul 1997 15:26:51 -0400 (EDT) From: Daniel M Green To: Gernot Kohler Subject: Re: global apartheid In-Reply-To: On Sun, 13 Jul 1997, Gernot Kohler wrote: > The question whether the last 25 years of globalization have begun to > break down global apartheid, is a difficult one. At a symposium where > related questions were discussed, the Third Worlders among the > participants seemed to agree that global apartheid has gotten worse for > the South during this period through new forms of domination, including IMF > conditionality etc. (see, special issue of _Alternatives_ (World Policy > Institute, New York), vol. 19, no. 2 (Spring 1994)). > On the other hand, there are also signs of a "Third Worldization" of the North. > Yes, IMF/World Bank conditionality is a new kind of domination, but it's main purpose is to open up countries to foreign investment and create good environments for foregin and domestic capital in subject countries. Thus, at least in some semi-peripheral countries, it creates new competitors for global investment and undermines the positions of elements of core countries. And with telling effect: private capital flows to the 31 largest emerging markets reached a record $200.7 billion in 1995; FDI to developing countries was $90 billion in 1995, a 50% increase over 1994. Global capitalism wins, but increasingly the losers are spread across national boundaries. > > One interesting *empirical/analytic* issue arising from the concept of > global apartheid has to do with boundaries. If I understand this > correctly, the general presumption in world(-)system analysis is that > global capitalism is more or less ignoring national boundaries. In the > global apartheid view of the system, there is one type of boundary that > matters a great deal-- namely, the boundary separating the predominantly > white labour markets of the North from the multi-racial labour markets of > the South of the world. (See, Arjun Mukherji, "Economic Apartheid in the > New World Order," in Phyllis Bennis and M. Moushabeck, eds., _Altered > States: A Reader in the New World Order_(New York: Olive Branch Press, 1993). > Perhaps, but on the other hand, look at the incredible internationalization of some professions in the US - medical doctors, engineers, computer specialists and scientists. The numbers may be small, but if there was full protectionism in employment surely these would be the jobs to be reserved for "whites" as you put it. Anecdotally, I have a friend in the engineering school at Northwestern (an Iranian) who says that American WASP students are so rare in the school that they are remarked upon and excite interest when they appear. - DMG From wwagar@binghamton.edu Mon Jul 14 15:15:12 1997 From: wwagar@binghamton.edu Date: Mon, 14 Jul 1997 16:19:03 -0400 (EDT) To: Gernot Kohler Subject: Re: global apartheid In-Reply-To: On Thu, 10 Jul 1997, Gernot Kohler wrote: > With reference to the discussion on race-related issues. > A handful of writers, including Ali Mazrui, also myself, have compared > the structure of the world system to the structure of (pre-Mandela) South > African apartheid (in the sense of a system) and called it "global > apartheid". The analogy has several dimensions: a (predominantly) white > minority is dominant in the system (military and political power), has a > vastly higher standard of living than the multiracial majority (wealth) > and is privileged in several other dimensions. Over much of the past 500 > years, this system was explicitly justified in racial superiority terms. > How do others on the list react to such a concept (i.e., global apartheid)? > > Regards, > -GK > Gernot and List: This is certainly one way to look at the structure of the world system. It is correct statistically. Most of the world's people of European descent are doing well, and in good part at the expense of most of the world's people of non-European origin. The once-called Third World, which includes the non-European ghettoes of various Euro-American cities, is composed largely of people of color, who now toil at minuscule wages to make shirts for the Euros, and so forth. However, I would argue that Global Apartheid works even better as a descriptor of the world class structure. People of color who are capitalists or skilled professionals or wealthy landowners or whatever do not live cheek by jowl with peasants and workers of color. They inhabit a quite different world, not so different from the world of Euro capitalists, skilled professionals, and wealthy landowners. In our time they mix comfortably with Euros, speak the same languages (literally), and have little or no difficulty migrating to the Euro-American world and buying a mansion next door to Bill Gates or Madonna or Paul McCartney. Accidents of history (I will not speak of biology or culture) gave the Euros a head start in modern times in amassing wealth and power (somewhat as accidents of history initially made AIDS a gay plague in North America), but I do not notice that people of color are incapable of amassing wealth and power, exploiting their underclasses, and generally behaving just like Euros when given half a chance. So, to me, as an unregenerate Marxian, Global Apartheid applies even more to the segregation of the classes than to the segregation of the races. Either way, the house of earth is a house divided against itself, and in the long run it will not stand. Warren From spector@calumet.purdue.edu Mon Jul 14 17:00:42 1997 X-NUPop-Charset: English Date: Sat, 12 Jul 1997 18:03:02 -0600 (CST) From: "Alan Spector" Sender: spector@calumet.purdue.edu Reply-To: spector@calumet.purdue.edu To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: On imprecise language In objecting to my use of the term "Latino", Stephen Homick writes: <<<<<<< In fact Spector's use of it at all gives me pause to wonder on which side of the fence he's actually perched. Will Alan Spector call out on the carpet those who employ "Latino" to champion such noxious goals, with the force and conviction that he criticizes the "dominant ideology for doing the same with "white" or "Anglo?">>>>>>> ============================================ I don't know to which "noxious" goals Stephen Homick is referring. OF COURSE "Latino" is an imprecise term. So, by the way, is "white", "black", "Asian", "brown", "African-American", etc. We can do two things--we can either try to use them as precisely as possible, which is a hopeless task, and which actually lends credibility to their use at all---or we can freely admit that they are imprecise terms, and use them, openly, sometimes seriously, sometimes sarcastically, in all kinds of ways. On my campus is an anti-racist group which calls itself "Los Latinos". They are united in carrying out various social activities, service activities, and sometimes anti-racist political activities. While I don't agree with all of those students on everything, I figure that if they want to call themselves "Los Latinos", it probably isn't too "noxious." On the other hand, in my teaching, in the same lecture, sometimes within the same ten minutes, I will interchangeably say "Latino" or "People of Spanish Ancestry", or Hispanics, or "Spanish-speaking people from the Americas", or "so-called whatever", knowing FULL WELL, that TECHNICALLY, Hispanics are not IDENTICAL to Latinos, etc. etc. etc. for the purpose of emphasizing that they are imprecise terms. And saying, ALL ALONG THE WAY, that we should learn to hate the language that the dominant groups (capitalist class, by the way) have trained us to use and that we have to learn better ways to express our commonalities and unity. This might not seem relevant to WSN, but it's important to realize that precision in language is important, but worrying about it too much can also get in the way of good communication. In any case, I believe I've made my point clear and most people on WSN understand what I mean (whether or not they agree...), so I'm about through with this discussion to WSN as a whole, although I'll be happy to discuss it in private with Stephen Homick. Alan Spector From OWENJACK@FS.isu.edu Mon Jul 14 17:11:53 1997 From: "J B Owens" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Mon, 14 Jul 1997 17:16:14 -0600, MDT Subject: NEW JOURNAL: "Rethinking History: Theory and Practice" ------- Forwarded Message Follows ------- Date: Mon, 14 Jul 1997 10:25:13 -0700 Reply-To: H-NET List for World History Sender: H-NET List for World History From: Ken Pomeranz Subject: NEW JOURNAL: "Rethinking History: Theory and Practice" > >CALL FOR PAPERS - CALL FOR SUBSCRIPTIONS > >A new publication (first issue July 1997), RETHINKING HISTORY: THE JOURNAL >OF THEORY AND PRACTICE, is dedicated to examining how historians today are >challenging accepted ways of 'doing' history. Open to academics from >different fields and specialties, the journal will be a forum for debates >covering a wide variety of methods and approaches to the study of the past. >RETHINKING HISTORY is also interested in new ways of telling the >past; it is the first scholarly journal open to innovative and experimental >forms of historical writing. > >The first issue of the journal features articles on Why Bother With the Past? >by Keith Jenkins; Foucault vs. Lawrence Stone by William Pencak; The Politics >of Mourning in Postwar France by M. Brady Bower; and essays on Stanley >Elkins by Peter Ling, and Authority and Reality in the Representation >of the Past by Alun Munslow. The second issue features articles on >Social Theory and Historiography in America by Dorothy Ross; Reader-Relativism >in History by Gunnar Karlsson; an essay on Richard Hofstadter and the >Anti-Intellectual Tradition by Barbara L. Tischler; and an experimental >piece of historical writing, Narrating a Southern Tragedy, by Bryant Simon. > >To become an active forum for scholarly debate, RETHINKING HISTORY is issuing >a call for both PAPERS and SUBSCRIBERS. Topics can include anything >that fits under the rubric of historical theory and practice. The journal >will appear three times a year, and the editors plan to have one themed >issue for each volume. Right now we are interested in papers that will >fit into issues on the following themes: History and Fiction, Innovative >(or Experimental) Historical Writing, History and Film. But scholars with >other topics in mind should not hesitate to contact us. > >RETHINKING HISTORY will publish pieces of two lengths -- 5,000 to 7,000 word >articles and 10,000 word essays --all unrestricted by period, place, or >speciality. The journal also will include several regular features: > >* An Invitation to Historians' to explain how and why they write history > as they do. >* Concepts' will explore key concepts of historical analysis. >* Re-Appraisals - will assess the contribution of individual historians, > past and present >* Re-Reviews will reassess "classic" history texts. >* Notes and Comments section will provide a platform for scholarly debate >* Book Reviews and Review Articles will survey the recent literature > >Inquiries about or suggestions for papers should be sent to one of the >following editors: > >For scholars in the Western hemisphere: > Robert A. Rosenstone > Editor, Rethinking History > Division of Humanities and Social Sciences 228-77 > California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 > Phone: (626) 395-4069 / FAX: (626) 793-8580 / > Email: rr@hss.caltech.edu > >For scholars in the rest of the world: > Alun Munslow > Editor, Rethinking History > Historical Studies, Staffordshire University > Stoke-on-Trent, ST4 2DE > United Kingdom > Phone: (0)1782 294 532 / FAX (0) 1782 294 363 / > Email: artam@staffs.ac.uk > >For book reviews: > Laura Mason > Book Reviews Editor, Rethinking History > Department of History, University of Georgia > Athens, GA 30602 > Phone: (706) 542-2484 / FAX: (706) 542 - 2455 / > Email: lmason@uga.cc.uga.edu > >SUBSCRIPTIONS - European Union > Sarah Goddard, Routledge Subscriptions > ITPS Ltd. > Cheriton House, North Way > Andover, Hampshire > SP 10 5BE, United Kingdom > Email: info.journals@routledge.com > >SUBSCRIPTIONS - US > Routledge Journals Department > 29 West 35th Street > New York, N.Y. 10001 - 2299 > Email: info.journals@routledge.com > >RETHINKING HISTORY EDITORIAL BOARD: Linda J. Borish, Peter Burke, Jack R. >Censer, Patrick Finney, Keith Jenkins, Harvey J. Kaye, Richard H. King, >T.J. Jackson Lears, M.C. Lemon, Alan Megill, David D. Roberts, Dorothy >Ross, Michael Roth, Ann-Louise Shapiro, Gabrielle Spiegel, Barbara L. >Tischler, Garthine Walker, and Hayden White. > >RETHINKING HISTORY ADVISORY BOARD: Owen R. Ashton, Tony Badger, Crispin >Bates, Robert F. Berkhofer, jr, Casey N. Blake, Christine Bolt, Pierre >Bourdieu, David R. Carr, David Peters Corbett, Robert C. Darnton, Leonore >Davidoff, Hasia Diner, John Dunne, Dennis Dworkin, Marc Ferro, Jonathan >Gorman, Marybeth Hamilton, Joan Hoff, Katherine Jellison, Christopher A. >Kent, Susan Kingsley Kent, James T. Kloppenberg, Dominick LaCapra, James >Livingston, C. Behan McCullagh, A.J. Millard, Judie A. Newman, Griselda >Pollock, Roy S. Porter, June Purvis, Mary C. Sies, Beverley Southgate, Susan >C. Townsend, Marian Yeates, Joanna S. Zangrando. > > ------------------------------------- J. B. "Jack" Owens, Professor of History Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA e-mail: owenjack@fs.isu.edu www: http://www.isu.edu/~owenjack Note: new www URL, 12 July 1996. From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Tue Jul 15 06:51:58 1997 Tue, 15 Jul 1997 19:46:55 +0700 (NSD) 15 Jul 97 19:46:57 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu, PHILOFHI@YORKU.CA Date: Tue, 15 Jul 1997 19:46:42 -0600 (NSK) Subject: Re: factors of European dominance This my response to Richard Moore > From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) > > Interesting, perceptive list. Nikolai is to be commended for frequently > putting forward agendas for discussion and going out on a limb on with some > of his theses. i am not sure that i've cought all verges of your irony, but in any case thanks > When an historic outcome is known (eg- recent Euro dominance), it is all > too easy to list lots of known facts, and attribute to them causative > weight. In some sense, you can't be proved wrong. Especially when you say > the factors operate in "combination", and the list is half-way reasonable > looking, how can anyone object? If you make the list long enough, there > won't be another culture that possesses all the elements. It is > significant, methodologically, that a student with far less knowledge and > perceptivity than Nikolai could make a very-plausible such list. right you are, my list of basic factors is not more than a preliminary data for further theoretical work of real deductive explanation by means of smth like covering laws and strict description of required conditions > > My methodological objections are two-fold. First, I find this shotgun-list > approach insufficiently discriminating - I want rifle shots. Rather than a > list of apparently relevant contributing factors, I want to know THE > critical factors - those which were characteristic of the culture in > question and whose absence would have prevented the phenomenon from > occurring. it is a good question, but Richard, can you present any philosophical or empirical objections for possibility that many (not one or two) of given factors are critical? Are we really sure Euro dominance would not have occured, for > example, if American precious metals weren't available? Might not the > explorative, explotative, and innovative mindsets of Euro expansionists > found other fulcrums for their ambitions to leverage? i listed surely not all but principal and symbolic advantages of access to Americas we have also cases of Australia, Alaska, Greenland, Antarctida, all of them sooner or later were colonized by Europeans but the effect for world-wide European dominance, as i think, was many times weaker that business on Peruan and Mexican silver, Brazilian cofee, tabacco, North-American cotton, wheat, mais and potato. > > Rather than a list of "factors" - whether it be short or long, and whether > it be all-inclusive or pruned by considerations of criticality - I would > find more useful a more dynamic analysis. me too, but how can you manage any dynamic analysis without preliminary listing of factors? My methodological theory would > be that there were modes of operating, great, i call them also 'social modes'(enwidened Marxian 'mode of production' and 'mode of accumaulation' used now in WST) some social modes cause systematic growth of several trends, positive enforcement and social resonance of involved social groups, and utilizing of accumulated results -these specific social modes i call 'dynamic strategies' (using the term of Graeme Snooks) and specific sets of ambitious > operators, who were _nurtured_ by Euro culture, in this case, and who > outgrew the operating theater offered to them by Europe, and who became, > then, the critical instigators of Euro expansionism. > Similarly, I believe there were economic/political/social dynamic patterns > operating in Europe which evolved and grew, and led naturally to Euro > expansionism when they outgrew Europe. dynamic patterns = dynamic strategies? > But what is missing from Nikolai's list is structure - an explicit > characterization of how the factors worked together, which were primary and > which secondary, which were essential and which might have been replaced if > necessary by available alternatives. Also missing is a sense of tempo, > growth, and quantity - what started first, what led to what, and what > outgrew which boundaries - fuelling expansion. starting to tell about everything that is missing from my list you push yourself in danger to rewrite at least Britannica > > The identification of dynamic pattern-trends, the tracing of their growth > _within_ their host culture, and the careful observation of how they > managed to burst from their boundaries - this mode of analysis > automatically forces useful structure on a "factors list", and highlights > the most critical factors. i fully support this plan, come on > > The kind of dynamic analysis I'm proposing serves especially well in this > latter quest - to identify relative competitive advantages. For one thing, > only expanding powers could have been competition for Europe. A > non-expanding but very strong power would simply be a boundary to European > enroachment, not a colonial competitor on the world scene. it is a very strong and promising note, i am looking forward for further development of this idea > > Dynamic analysis allows us to focus our attention on cultures with nascent > growth-components - potential exapansion-drivers - rather than considering > all cultures which happened to be large or diverse enough to include (to > one degree or another) some static list of "factors". but why on Earth 'nascent growth-components of a culture' cannot be considered as one of (critical?) factors? each list is static, but is it banned to use lists of factors (also statistics, chronography, tables, and dozens of other modes of representing knowledge) for further analysis od dynamics? Capitalism, for > example, controlling 1% of a culture's commerce, is a less significant > force for expansion than when it controls 40%. This kind of comparison is > not visible in a static factors list. right, but on the base of this list one can start thinking of quantative relations between given factors to sum up this dialogue i must say that Richard's and my methodological positions and general views on European dominance seem to be very close. i hope very much for further productive exchange of ideas best wishes, nikolai *********************************************************** Nikolai S. Rozov # Address: Dept.of Philosophy Prof.of Philosophy # Novosibirsk State University rozov@cnit.nsu.ru # 630090, Novosibirsk Fax: (3832) 355237 # Pirogova 2, RUSSIA Moderator of the mailing list PHILOFHI (PHILosophy OF HIstory and theoretical history) http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/~dew7e/anthronet/subscribe /philofhi.html ************************************************************ From ms44278@email.csun.edu Tue Jul 15 14:48:41 1997 Date: Tue, 15 Jul 1997 13:48:47 -0700 From: Mike Shupp To: ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Subject: Re: factors of European dominance References: <28DC30C1782@cnit.nsu.ru> What I find of interest is the European _desire_ to expand and dominate additional territory, if only in the available peripheries. Western Europe, as noted, got first Iceland and Greenland, later on the Americas and later yet Australia and New Zealand and eventually India and Africa. Russia moved into Siberia and through the Caucasus region. Arguably, this involved technologically superior cultures supplanting less developed ones or more populous states obliterating demographically smaller ones through sheer weight of numbers -- a process facilitated by disease in the Americas. The Chinese and the Arabic cultures-- Ottoman and Indian-- on the other hand, had ceased to expand long before this. Logically, Siberia was just as open to Chinese expansion as Russian, but this doesn't seem to have happened; in other directions, Japan, Mongols, and various South East Asian states blocked Chinese growth-- I don't know why. The Moslem states were restricted by Europeans (decisively after 1683 or so) to the west, Russians to the north, Chinese to the east, Africa was available, but the Arabs did not attempt to conquer it; they settled for trade. Neither Chinese nor Moslems were apparently aware of Australia. My suspicion is that the sophisticated non-European powers would not have occupied Australia even if aware of it, nor would they have colonized the Americas if the discovery had been theirs. They would have settled for trade with the natives. This MIGHT have something to do with land holding practices. In Moslem states, and to some extent Russia, land belonged to the crown/state and might be bestowed upon the nobililty in life estates; on death of the holder, the property reverted to the state. In Western Europe, lands bestowed by the crown were permanently alienated (although a sufficiently unscrup- ulous monarch could manage to grab it back by executing the landholder for treason or other pretext). Power and prestige and rank in Western Europe were strongly linked to land possession, rather than wealth per se. I think this is accidental-- it's the way feudalism happened to develop, but one might imagine something else happening. But for whatever reason, Western Europeans had a lust for possesion of land which was unique in the Old World. Finding the Americas was like hitting Bingo for the Europeans. Gold, potential slaves, land.... everything was there for one with enough nerve and enough willingness to be violent. And the Europeans, after centuries of warfare among themselves and with the Moslems, were accustomed to violence. Piracy was pretty damned close to their normal operating procedure (and perhaps among the Japanese as well, who are often regarded as being rather European-like). And in the Americas, the conquistadors had technolgical superiority, an ideological edge, and the advantages of superior morale. The natives, destroyed physically by disease and emotionally by the apparent easy successes of the invaders, put up little resistence. How different it would have been if immediately after 1492 the Europeans had attempted to carve up China or India in the same fashion! Anyhow, the notion that one gains land as a grant after helping the state conquer land from other states seems imbedded in European thought. It goes back to Charlemagne, I would imagine, and perhaps to the Germanic tribes which overthrew the Western Roman Empire. Feudalism, in turn, seems to be the byproduct of weak central government; perhaps the ultimate failure of the Chinese to dominate the world could actually be traced to the strength of the Emperor and Imperial bureaucracy, which led ambitious men to plot against the emperor and to indulge in civil war rather than conquer and rule nearby aborigines. Or so I speculate. -- Mike Shupp Graduate Student Department of Anthropology California State University, Northridge ms44278@csun1.csun.edu http://www.csun.edu/~ms44278/ From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Wed Jul 16 05:46:30 1997 Wed, 16 Jul 1997 18:36:54 +0700 (NSD) 16 Jul 97 18:37:09 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM>, wsn@csf.colorado.edu, PHILOFHI@YORKU.CA Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 18:36:51 -0600 (NSK) Subject: Re: elixir Dear Jim, thank you for your book, i hope to find their counterarguments to my list of factors, but i would also be grateful for clarifying some points in your elixir message > From: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> > To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK > > Nikolai is throwing all sorts of weird ingredients into his witches' brew in > hopes of cooking up the magic elixir that will explain the European Miracle. no objection, i keep in mind here that real creative thinking is akin to magic acts, so thanks a lot >Its a waste of effort. There is no such elixir. what you say here means that there is no plausible scientific explanation of European dominance. i suspised the same but you know Western literure much better, here i believe you but does not it mean that it is a noble task to create 'an explanatory elixir' which still does not exist? > There was no miracle. even if i told of the 'miracle' anytime, i had in mind only that one civilization living on a small north-western edge of Afrasia managed to grasp politically, economically, culturally almost all other peoples and civilization on the globe during some centuries, but isn't it a historical fact? those who doubt in it can ask a simple question: what foreign languages are studied by children in all over the world? i don't know precise statistics (and would be very grateful for delivering it) but i am sure that English, French and German cover more than 70-80% (maybe only Arabian can somehow compete within Islamic world). But there are HUNDREDS of live languages on the globe! Dear Jim, isn't it a real miracle that only 3 languages of many hundreds envaded almost all this area which is so important culturally, politically and economically? were their in History other similar miracles? sure, and they all were mentioned in our discussion: Rome, China, Arabs, Mongols, Russians, Ottomans (Americans should be treated as the third wave after Spanish- Portugal and Holland-French-English waves of expansion). Anyway the global scale of European-American success has no previous precedences in history (but maybe in future? - i mean China of course) > Before 1492> Europe had ->nothing<- -- no ingredient or combination of ingredients -- which > would explain its later rise to world hegemony. It all started at Palos. partly right, because European expansion as a bunch of dynamic strategies created new effective factors as intermediatory results, some or even many of my factors really appeared after 1500 and some secondary factors appear even after 1800, 1900, 1950 but an entire rejection of any ingredients of European success before the first wave of expansion seems to me extremely strange isn't it you, dear Jim, who tells us about magic miracles if the envasion of the whole globe had its genesis in nothing? best regards, nikolai *********************************************************** Nikolai S. Rozov # Address: Dept.of Philosophy Prof.of Philosophy # Novosibirsk State University rozov@cnit.nsu.ru # 630090, Novosibirsk Fax: (3832) 355237 # Pirogova 2, RUSSIA Moderator of the mailing list PHILOFHI (PHILosophy OF HIstory and theoretical history) http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/~dew7e/anthronet/subscribe /philofhi.html ************************************************************ From chriscd@jhu.edu Wed Jul 16 08:31:16 1997 Wed, 16 Jul 1997 09:31:06 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 09:29:55 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: [Fwd: Estrategia Online] To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu chriscd@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu; Tue, 15 Jul 1997 13:48:46 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 15 Jul 1997 12:14:10 -0400 From: pnet@tid.com Subject: Estrategia Online To: CHRISCD@JHU.EDU ESTRATEGIA ONLINE http://www.ieei.pt/estrategia Published by the IEEI Institute for Strategic and International Studi= es in Lisbon, Estrategia is an independent journal of international affairs, security and defence. With a multidisciplinary approach, it covers all issues relevant to peace and security, both at the inter a= nd intrastate level, in today's world: public opinion, political, econom= ic, cultural and social affairs, conflict and transition, integration and democratisation.=20 Estrategia Online: Full texts are given in the online edition (issue = no. 12 onwards). An international on-line edition containing all abstract= s and a selection of articles in English or French will be available so= on. Organised in thematic issues, the current issue is on the revision of the Maastricht Treaty, with articles devoted both to the IGC and to present questions of the European debate. Search in full text, Archiv= e with the table of contents of the previous issues and Links to other publications are already available. A section for papers and comments on the articles and subjects of eac= h issue will also be available. Estrategia's main subjects: Peace and International Security. Portuguese foreign, security and defence policy. Regional integration and multi-regionalism. Transitio= n and Democracy. Geographical focus:=20 Europe. Mediterranean and Northern Africa, Sub-saharian Africa, Latin America and North America, Southeast Asia International Online Edition Table of Contents (articles in English and French)=20 The Political Dimension of the Process of European Integration Gianni Bonvicini http://www.ieei.pt/estrategia/news/artigos.asp?cod_artigo=3D55 As usual in times of transformation, we are living in a state of cris= is or of "Europessimism", if we prefer to adopt "Eurocratic" jargon. A clear need to adapt EU institutions has again emerged. But the strate= gy to be followed is far from being clear. And again we have to turn bac= k to our past experiences. In other words, and in opposition to Fukujam= a theories, "history continues", at least at the European Union's level= .. On the Revision of Maastricht: A Common Report Gianni Bonvicini, Jean-Victor Louis, =C1lvaro Vasconcelos, Wolfgang Wessels http://www.ieei.pt/estrategia/news/artigos.asp?cod_artigo=3D57 If current challenges in Europe and abroad are to be faced, an overal= l institutional reform is needed to satisfy the demands for democracy, efficiency and effectiveness. Unity within Diversity - CFSP and Institutional Reform =C1lvaro de Vasconcelos http://www.ieei.pt/estrategia/news/artigos.asp?cod_artigo=3D72 External factors should prevail over internal and institutional considerations in reforming CFSP. When conflicting trends towards fragmentation and intolerance coexist with integration and democracy, CFSP reform should contribute to tilt the balance in favour of the latter. France, Europe, OTAN: la nouvelle politique de d=E9fense fran=E7aise= =20 Nicole Gnesotto=20 http://www.ieei.pt/estrategia/news/artigos.asp?cod_artigo=3D113 La d=E9fense europ=E9enne se r=E9duit-elle =E0 une r=E9forme interne = =E0 l'OTAN, et cette r=E9forme modifie-t-elle la nature de la construction europ= =E9enne? La r=E9forme de l'OTAN =E9puise-t-elle la question d'une d=E9fense europ= =E9enne commune? For further information, please contact: ieeimjs@mail.telepac.pt From chriscd@jhu.edu Wed Jul 16 11:34:50 1997 Wed, 16 Jul 1997 13:34:04 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 13:32:54 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: c.v's of world-systems scholars To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu the World-Systems Archives now contains the curriculum vitae or home pages of the following scholars: Biographical and publications information on world-systems scholars Giovanni Arrighi,Volker Bornschier, Christopher Chase-Dunn, Andre Gunder Frank,Thomas D. Hall, Valentine M. Moghadam, Jack Owens, Peter Peregrine, and Immanuel Wallerstein the address is http://csf.colorado.edu/wsystems/archive/bios.html if you would like your home page included please send me the URL or a diskette with your information in MS Word. chris From gernot.kohler@sheridanc.on.ca Wed Jul 16 12:41:33 1997 Wed, 16 Jul 1997 14:41:22 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 14:41:22 -0400 (EDT) From: Gernot Kohler To: wwagar@binghamton.edu Subject: Re: global apartheid In-Reply-To: On Mon, 14 Jul 1997 wwagar@binghamton.edu wrote: ........> > So, to me, as an unregenerate Marxian, Global Apartheid applies > even more to the segregation of the classes than to the segregation of the > races. Either way, the house of earth is a house divided against itself, > and in the long run it will not stand. > The five people who have been using the concept of "global apartheid" are not trying to compete with class analysis; it's just a slightly different packaging of class analysis. When you talk to the media, "global apartheid" may be a useful sound-byte to get your point across in 30 seconds or less. Also, it provides a publicly acceptable rationale for the creation of a global, multi-racial, democratic political alliance for the purpose of global resistance (my take on "world party"). Like the concept of "exploitation", "global apartheid" does not only have some descriptive value; it is also a negative norm. How do you define the goal of global class struggle? There are many ways of defining that goal. One possible formulation would be "abolish global apartheid", which is a bit more specific than, but consistent with, "global resistance". --GK (I will be out of town on vacation for a while, hoping to reconnect later.) From wwagar@binghamton.edu Wed Jul 16 14:20:06 1997 From: wwagar@binghamton.edu Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 16:21:32 -0400 (EDT) To: Alan Spector Subject: Re: On imprecise language In-Reply-To: <199707121803025644.spector@nwi.calumet.purdue.edu> "Latino" is precise in one sense. It refers and Los Latinos refers to persons of the male gender. Since half of all Latin folk are Latinas, they should not be cut out of the picture. Here we are required to speak of "Latino/a" people. This is not a pretty word, but one sees its merits. Warren W. Warren Wagar Dept. of History Binghamton University From wwagar@binghamton.edu Wed Jul 16 14:37:47 1997 From: wwagar@binghamton.edu Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 16:39:05 -0400 (EDT) To: Gernot Kohler Subject: Re: global apartheid In-Reply-To: On Wed, 16 Jul 1997, Gernot Kohler wrote: > > > On Mon, 14 Jul 1997 wwagar@binghamton.edu wrote: > > .......> > > So, to me, as an unregenerate Marxian, Global Apartheid applies > > even more to the segregation of the classes than to the segregation of the > > races. Either way, the house of earth is a house divided against itself, > > and in the long run it will not stand. > > > > The five people who have been using the concept of "global apartheid" > are not trying to compete with class analysis; it's just a slightly > different packaging of class analysis. When you talk to the media, > "global apartheid" may be a useful sound-byte to get your point across in > 30 seconds or less. Also, it provides a publicly acceptable rationale for > the creation of a global, multi-racial, democratic political alliance for > the purpose of global resistance (my take on "world party"). Like the > concept of "exploitation", "global apartheid" does not only have some > descriptive value; it is also a negative norm. How do you define the goal > of global class struggle? There are many ways of defining that goal. One > possible formulation would be "abolish global apartheid", which is a bit > more specific than, but consistent with, "global resistance". > > --GK > > (I will be out of town on vacation for a while, hoping to reconnect later.) > Dear Gernot and List, I agree with the "useful sound-byte" point, anything to get the world's ear, and so forth. But if the end result is to exacerbate race war instead of class war, it could be a disastrous ploy. Warren From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Wed Jul 16 14:56:09 1997 id QAA08593; Wed, 16 Jul 1997 16:56:00 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 16:54:04 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: wwagar@binghamton.edu Subject: Re: global apartheid In-Reply-To: Comrades, I can see the point that the term "global apartheid" has the potential to move the focus a bit off of class. However, apartheid is also an economic relation. Racism is used as a mechanism to secure cheap labor pools and control over the working class. If we can, at the same time we use this term, communicate the material basis for the continued existence of racism (an ideology used to legitimate the "North-South" relation) we might then have both a good sound bite and a mechanism to reveal the more brutal aspects of exploitation. Andrew Austin From dlj@pobox.com Wed Jul 16 17:10:53 1997 by mail.istar.ca with smtp (Exim 1.62 #10) From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: , "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: global apartheid Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 19:11:43 -0400 charset="US-ASCII" Andrew Wayne Austin writes: > >I can see the point that the term "global apartheid" has the potential to >move the focus a bit off of class. However, apartheid is also an economic >relation. Racism is used as a mechanism to secure cheap labor pools and >control over the working class. If we can, at the same time we use this >term, communicate the material basis for the continued existence of racism >(an ideology used to legitimate the "North-South" relation) we might then >have both a good sound bite and a mechanism to reveal the more brutal >aspects of exploitation. > And if there is no evidence for the existence of such institutional racism, we can be good scientists, mathematics being the Queen of the Sciences, and assume it into existence. -dlj. From ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au Wed Jul 16 22:16:37 1997 17 Jul 1997 14:15:31 +1000 Date: Thu, 17 Jul 1997 14:15:30 +1000 From: "Bruce R. McFarling" Subject: Re: On imprecise language In-reply-to: To: wwagar@binghamton.edu On Wed, 16 Jul 1997 wwagar@binghamton.edu wrote: > > "Latino" is precise in one sense. It refers and Los Latinos > refers to persons of the male gender. Since half of all Latin folk are > Latinas, they should not be cut out of the picture. Here we are required > to speak of "Latino/a" people. This is not a pretty word, but one sees > its merits. Como "Hispanico", but not like "Hispanic. Y que pasa con "La Puebla"?? Virtually, Bruce R. McFarling, Newcastle, NSW ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au From asajh@UAA.ALASKA.EDU Thu Jul 17 00:39:36 1997 Date: Wed, 16 Jul 1997 22:50:58 -0700 From: Andrew Hund Subject: Chernobyl literature? To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK Does anyone know of any literature on the effect the chernobyl nuclear disaster had on Soviet Union? Andrew Hund http://cwolf.uaa.alaska.edu/~asajh/AKD/ http://cwolf.uaa.alaska.edu/~asajh/Soc/ From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Thu Jul 17 04:26:35 1997 Thu, 17 Jul 1997 17:21:35 +0700 (NSD) 17 Jul 97 17:22:01 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM>, PHILOFHI@YORKU.CA, wsn@csf.colorado.edu, H-WORLD@H-Net.msu.edu Date: Thu, 17 Jul 1997 17:21:19 -0600 (NSK) Subject: European Dominance: Project of Global Division I don't reject the role of fortunate navigating conditions, dumb luck etc for Europeans as Jim Blaut and Mike Shupp argue: > From: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> > Europe rose relative to the other Eastern Hemidphere civilizations because > Europe acquired an advantage after 1492 by breaching the system boundary: > getting literally unlimited wealth from the Americas. Europe breached the > boudary, reached the Americas, for mundane reasons: distance and navigating > conditions. Europeans were not uniquely "venturesome," "inquisitive," > "acquisitive," "adventurous," etc., etc. Mike Shupp: > The Moslem strategy led to > eventual defeat and exhaustion. The Europeans were more > successful, largely because of sheer dumb luck. But we must also take into account such complex factor as the documented existance of a special project of world envasion and division combined with intensive geographical studies and purposeful transoceanic expeditions. I mean here Papa's bulla of the division of ALL non- Christian lands to be discovered in future between Portugal and Spain, and geographical 'clubs' in Europe that looked after results of each expedition very carefully, corrected maps, that were used in further expeditions. We know that Chinese emperators were shure to rule all Under-Sky, and about their one (or two? but not many) grand expeditions in the Indian Ocean, We know of global ambitions of Rome, Alexander, Chingis-Chan and Tamerlan, we know of magnificent land and oceanic expansion of Arabs (also supported by intensive map-creating and geography). But when and where did take place another case of such triplet: 'legal' division of the whole globe, permanent global-geographical studies, and systematic far-distance expeditions, directed namely for discover and grab new lands? such another case (besides the European one) can be really a serious argument contra unique character of European expansion, but where is it? best, Nikolai Rozov From 70671.2032@CompuServe.COM Thu Jul 17 05:24:01 1997 for wsn@csf.colorado.edu; Thu, 17 Jul 1997 07:23:59 -0400 (EDT) Date: 17 Jul 97 07:22:35 EDT From: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> To: world systems network Subject: institutional racism We note from David Lloyd-Jones's new posting that he doesn't believe that instituional racism exists -- or am I misreading? From ms44278@email.csun.edu Thu Jul 17 12:39:33 1997 Date: Thu, 17 Jul 1997 11:38:29 -0700 From: Mike Shupp To: ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Subject: Re: European Dominance: Project of Global Division References: <2BB5ABD5D0B@cnit.nsu.ru> Nikolai S. Rozov wrote: > > I don't reject the role of fortunate navigating conditions, dumb luck etc for Europeans as Jim Blaut and Mike Shupp argue: . . . > But we must also take into account such complex factor as the > documented existance of a special project of world invasion and > division combined with intensive geographical studies and > purposeful transoceanic expeditions. > I mean here Papa's bulla of the division of ALL non- Christian > lands to be discovered in future between Portugal and Spain, I don't see this as terribly important; it strikes me as the Pope's attempt to reduce squabbling betwen the Spanish and the Portuguese by giving each an exclusive area to investigate/develop-- but it was an ad hoc response to new circumstances created by Columbus and de Gama and Magellan, etc., not a real statement of European policy. There's precious little evidence other European states took the division very seriously. > and geographical 'clubs' in Europe that looked > after results of each expedition very carefully, corrected maps, > that were used in further expeditions. > We know that Chinese emperators were sure to rule all Under-Sky, > and about their one (or two? but not many) grand expeditions in the > Indian Ocean, About a dozen, if memory serves. However, I've the impression that these were aimed less at Discovery per se and more at impressing neighboring states with Chinese magnificence. The Emperor sent gifts to other monarchs, and received gifts in return, which might be claimed in China as an acknowledgement of Chinese hegemony, but was unaccompanied by any regular form of tribute. The mandarins who eventually shut the effort down as uneconomical probably had a valid point. > We know of global ambitions of Rome, Alexander, Chingis-Chan > and Tamerlane. We know of magnificent land and oceanic expansion > of Arabs (also supported by intensive map-creating and geography). > > But when and where did take place another case of such triplet: > 'legal' division of the whole globe, permanent global-geographical > studies, and systematic far-distance expeditions, directed namely > for discover and grab new lands? > Such another case (besides the European one) can be really a > serious argument contra unique character of European expansion, > but where is it? Nowhere, of course, if you're to insist on that "division of the whole globe." That simply wasn't possible until it was established that the earth _was_ a globe. On the other hand, the Mongols after the death of Jenghiz Khan divided the world as they knew it between 3 or 4 groups, "explored" extensively with their armies, and conquered much of it. The Mongols also received a fair number of ambassadors and other emissaries who would have provided them with geographical knowledge; whether there was a systematic effort to gain information useful for world conquest, I don't know. (It doesn't strike me their knowledge of local circumstances was especially great in the case of Japan, for example. They simply launched a pair of invasion fleets and trusted to large numbers, with terrible results.) Any Mongol specialists out there? For that mater, is anyone able to summarize Japanese expansionism into Korea in this 14-17th Century period; what factors led to it, and what brought it to an end? How did it compare to European expansion? -- Mike Shupp Graduate Student Department of Anthropology California State University, Northridge ms44278@csun1.csun.edu http://www.csun.edu/~ms44278/ From 70671.2032@CompuServe.COM Thu Jul 17 18:13:27 1997 for wsn@csf.colorado.edu; Thu, 17 Jul 1997 20:13:22 -0400 (EDT) Date: 17 Jul 97 20:12:24 EDT From: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> To: world systems network Subject: European Dominance: Project of Global Division -------- Forwarded Message -------- Subject: European Dominance: Project of Global Division Date: 17-Jul-97 at 06:29 From: james m blaut, 70671,2032 TO: INTERNET:ROZOVnit.nsu.ru,INTERNET:ROZOVnit.nsu.ru Dear Nikolai: The Papal Bull in question was issued in 1493, as a consequence of the discoveries by Portuguese and Spaniards. Before 1492 there was no "project of world invasion." Intensive geographical studies in the late Middle Ages -- yes; exploration of the western Atlantic islands and finding out what the Arabs already knew -- not a great design for world conquest. Geographical societies date maiunly from the 19th century. There were (I believe) six great fleet-voyages under Admiral Cheng Ho (c.1410-1433), most of them into the Indiaan Ocean. But Chinese merchants had been trading in India centuries earlier. Please don't conflate imperial expansions of Rome, etc., with the expansion of Europe -- the latter presupposed the development of many things including primitive merchant capitalism. Any mercantile-maritime civilization in the 15th century could have broken thropugh the system boundary to the Western Hemisphere -- but only the Europeans were accessible enough in that era to accomplish this. I'm afraid you have contracted the occupational disease of world-systems theorists: ignoring time and space in order to find parallels among Large Things. In fact: a very acute form of the disease: ignoring the fact that culture change is evolutionary, not random. But you will "See The Light" now that you have my book. Cheers Jim Blaut From ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au Thu Jul 17 20:22:21 1997 18 Jul 1997 12:21:07 +1000 Date: Fri, 18 Jul 1997 12:21:06 +1000 From: "Bruce R. McFarling" Subject: Re: European Dominance: Project of Global Division In-reply-to: <970718001224_70671.2032_EHM81-1@CompuServe.COM> To: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> On Thu, 17 Jul 1997, james m blaut wrote: > TO: INTERNET:ROZOVnit.nsu.ru,INTERNET:ROZOVnit.nsu.ru > > Dear Nikolai: > The Papal Bull in question was issued in 1493, as a consequence of the > discoveries by Portuguese and Spaniards. Before 1492 there was no "project > of world invasion." And after 1492 it is important to recall that the American conquistas were extremely entrepeneurial affairs, following a pattern established in the reconquista of the Iberian peninsula. And important to recall that the greater impact of the conquistas compared to the reconquista was as much due to epidemiological factors as to military-technological factors. The Spanish and Portuguese sovereigns didn't spend a *whole* lot of money on reconquista or the conquistas, rather they expected to generate income from granting royal recognition to the activity. > Intensive geographical studies in the late Middle Ages -- yes; exploration > of the western Atlantic islands and finding out what the Arabs already > knew -- not a great design for world conquest. Geographical societies date > mainly from the 19th century. And it is important to recall the persistant trend of semi-peripheral "marcher" states conquering cores -- for the very reason that they *were* semi-peripheral, and the core was more important to them than they were to the core. European expansion fits into this pattern as a two step process. First, the normal peripheral ventures to improve access to the core leading to the incursions into the New world and development into semi-peripheral status -- the so-called "first period of European dominance", which involved dominance over even less central areas as they were being incorporated into the Western regional-system. Second, on the basis of the newly gained semi-peripheral status, the development into the European maritime marcher states and the conquest of Indic regional-system, leading to a shift of the balance of power in the world-system from the Eastern regional-system to the Western regional-system. > I'm afraid you have contracted the occupational disease of world-systems > theorists: ignoring time and space in order to find parallels among Large > Things. In fact: a very acute form of the disease: ignoring the fact that > culture change is evolutionary, not random. "Systems of Cities and World-Systems" by Christopher Chase-Dunn and Alice Willard (Program in Comparative and International Development, Dept. of Sociology, John Hopkins University) is very strong here. It seems to me to make a start toward going from the system identification question ("there are correlations between the Western and Eastern regional-systems") to accounting for the correlation. That is (persisting with this terminology that the paper has prompted me to coin), within the Central world-system in the Axial Age can be perceived four regional-systems. There is one at the Eastern end, sometimes called Chinese, called "Far Eastern" in the (eurocentric) terminology of this working paper, which I have been calling the "Eastern Regional-system" here. There is one at the Western end, sometimes called the "central world-system" following the model of the more peripheral world system incorporating the more central world system, which I have been calling the "Western Regional-system". There is one centered on the Indian subcontinent which may be called the "Indic regional-system". And there is a regional system in Central Asia (pastoral rather than agrarian) that might be called the "Central Asian regional-system". To the extent that either of the central regional-system are coherent as spheres of politico-military activity, it is plausible that the state of the central regional systems affected both the Western and Eastern regional systems, and that the impacts of either the Western or Eastern regional systems on the central regional systems had repercussions for the other. And the working paper makes a start toward supporting a picture such as this. Virtually, Bruce R. McFarling, Newcastle, NSW ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au From lmc29@columbia.edu Thu Jul 17 20:28:11 1997 for ; Thu, 17 Jul 1997 22:28:04 -0400 (EDT) Date: Thu, 17 Jul 1997 22:28:04 -0400 (EDT) From: Linda Minfa Chen Sender: lmc29@columbia.edu To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK sorry to disturb the whole group, but I need some instruction on how to take a 1-month "vacation" on this network. Thanks! From shomick@sover.net Thu Jul 17 21:29:43 1997 for ; Thu, 17 Jul 1997 23:29:40 -0400 (EDT) From: "Stephen Homick" To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK Date: Thu, 17 Jul 1997 23:36:00 -0400 Subject: Re: On imprecise language, w/Apologies to G. Orwell In-reply-to: El 16 Jul 97 a las 16:21, wwagar@binghamton.edu dixit: > "Latino" is precise in one sense. It refers and Los Latinos > refers to persons of the male gender. Since half of all Latin folk > are Latinas, they should not be cut out of the picture. Here we are > required to speak of "Latino/a" people. This is not a pretty word, > but one sees its merits. Nice try but no cohiba (the Havana stogie that Yankee aficionados risk life & limb to get), Warren. In Spanish and other romance tongues, absent any qualifying adjective, a masculine noun, be it singular or plural, can refer to a group of males and females generally. Frankly, it makes not a whit of sense to use "Latino/a" as a gentile noun or adjective. El 17 Jul 97 a las 14:15, Bruce R. McFarling dixit: > Como "Hispanico", but not like "Hispanic. Y que pasa con "La > Puebla"?? "Hispanic" is merely the Englished version of the adjective "hisp=E1nico", and "La Puebla" simply means a town. "El pueblo hisp=E1nico, on the other hand, may be translated as "the Spanish people", male as well as female, and thereby underscores my previous point. El 16 Jul 97 a las 16:54, Andrew Wayne Austin dixit: > I can see the point that the term "global apartheid" has the > potential to move the focus a bit off of class. However, apartheid > is also an economic relation. Racism is used as a mechanism to > secure cheap labor pools and control over the working class. If we > can, at the same time we use this term, communicate the material > basis for the continued existence of racism (an ideology used to > legitimate the "North-South" relation) we might then have both a > good sound bite and a mechanism to reveal the more brutal aspects of > exploitation. If nothing else, Andrew certainly qualifies as a prime contender to be the Jerry Della Femina of the Academy. Whether it's got more sound than bite is open to dispute; but there's no denying that "global apartheid" is a trend-surfer's dream-come-true! Ol' G.O. must be convulsing uncontrollably in his grave right now. Before leaving this incandescent issue, I thought I'd throw out a little trivia to pursue: Did the author of the little quip below hail from the frigid, hoary monochomatic north or from the warm, fuzzy polychromatic south? "That we shall ever cherish our identity of origin, and race, as preferable, in our estimation, to any other people." Desde las Monta=F1as Verdes, saludos virtuales de ******************************** #Stephen Homick # #mailto:shomimid@pop.k12.vt.us # ******************************** For PGP key reply to or click on: shomick@sover.net?Subject=3DSendPkey ********************************** REALITY.SYS FAILED Reboot Universe, Y/N? From ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au Fri Jul 18 02:00:22 1997 18 Jul 1997 17:59:58 +1000 Date: Fri, 18 Jul 1997 17:59:58 +1000 From: "Bruce R. McFarling" Subject: Re: European Dominance: Project of Global Division In-reply-to: <970718033159_70671.2032_EHM100-1@CompuServe.COM> To: james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM>, World System Network Jim Blaut reminds me not to forget the SouthWest regional-system in Sub-saharan Africa. Which seems to me to simply emphasize the degree to which the "central" tag is a bit of a misnomer: the regional system with the best argument to being "central" in the Axial Age would seem to be the Indic regional-system. BTW, the hyphen is on purpose: I've got a sneaking suspicion (working hypothesis seems to be a bit strong right yet) that world-systems as identified on the direct and indirect interaction test will normally be bigger than a single coherent zone of politico-military activity, and the latter seems like it should have a term of its own to forestall the tendency to "shrink" a world-system to a coherent zone of political-military activity. Virtually, Bruce R. McFarling, Newcastle, NSW ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au From mreview@igc.apc.org Fri Jul 18 11:20:33 1997 From: mreview@igc.apc.org for ; Fri, 18 Jul 1997 09:46:44 -0700 (PDT) for ; Fri, 18 Jul 1997 09:45:32 -0700 (PDT) Date: Fri, 18 Jul 1997 09:45:32 -0700 (PDT) To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Sender: mreview@igc.org M O N T H L Y R E V I E W presents: A Special Double Issue Summer 1997 RISING FROM THE ASHES? LABOR IN THE AGE OF "GLOBAL CAPITALISM" edited by Ellen Meiksins Wood and guest editors Peter Meiksins and Michael Yates to order: 1-4 copies/$7 each 5-24 copies/ $6 each 25-50 copies/ $5.50 each write checks out to Monthly Review and send to: Monthly Review 122 West 27th St. New York, NY 10001 or call and charge to your credit card (MasterCard or Visa): telephone: 212 691 2555 fax: 212 727 3676 e-mail: mreview@igc.apc.org C O N T E N T S : Zapatismo and the Workers Movement in Mexico at the End of the Century by Edur Velasco Arregui, and Richard Roman Organizing the Unorganized: Will Promises Become Practices? by Fernando Gapasin and Michael Yates Notes on Labor at the End of the Century: Starting Over? by Sam Gindin Race and Labor Organization in the United States by Michael Goldfield Talking About Work by Doug Henwood Same As It Ever Was? The Structure of the Working Class by Peter Meiksins American Labor: A Movement Again? by Kim Moody The French Winter of Discontent by Daniel Singer The "Late Blooming" of the South Korean Labor Movement by Hochul Sonn Labor, The State, and Class Struggle by Ellen Meiksins Wood After a long period of sustained attack by governments of various stripes, a steady deterioration of working and living standards, and declines in memberhip and militancy, there are encouraging signs that organized labor is on the move again. This may come as a surprise to many, on the left as well as the right, who have long since written off the labor movement as an oppositional force. Although it is, of course, too early to make big claims about this trend, it does seem a good moment to take a close look not only at these new signs of activism but also at the nature of labor today and at the environment in which the labor movement now has to navigate. This special issue of MONTHLY REVIEW explores and challenges some of the assumptions about labor that have been the common sense of our historical moment---assumptions about various social, economic, and technological changes, like "globalization" and "the end of work"---which supposedly make labor organization and class politics impossible and/or irrelevant today. RISING FROM THE ASHES? LABOR IN THE AGE OF "GLOBAL" CAPITALISM explores the general economic and social context in which labor now has to operate, looks at recent developments in the labor movement and examples of renewed labor militancy in various parts of the world, examines what's changed and what hasn't in the composition and prospects of the working class, and proposes organizational and political strategies. From dlj@pobox.com Fri Jul 18 20:31:40 1997 by mail.istar.ca with smtp (Exim 1.651 #1) From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM>, "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: institutional racism Date: Fri, 18 Jul 1997 22:31:31 -0400 charset="iso-8859-1" james m blaut <70671.2032@CompuServe.COM> ee cummingsly asks: >We note from David Lloyd-Jones's new posting that he doesn't believe that >instituional racism exists -- or am I misreading? > Mark Twain was once asked whether he believed in the Bible, to which he replied "Of course I do. I have one in my hotel room." "Institutional racism" I saw invented before my very eyes, mainly by Kathleen Brown of the Black Panthers -- and of course the epigones and parlour pinks -- first when I read about it in the Bay Guardian in maybe late 1968, and then a couple of weeks later when I caught her seminal speech at the Fillmore East in New York. Structuralism was in the air, a quiet whisper of the constructionist, substractionist, formationalist, minimalist, earth-art, and, naturally, deconstructionist hurricane yet to come. * * * Now obviously there are some racist organizations, though they are few and far between. The German National Socialist Party would be one, though it would be difficult to stick the label on most other Fascist organizations. "Apartheit," if one considered it an institution, rather than, say, a body of rhetoric, would certainly be a racist institution. The Dutch Reformed Church of South Africa was certainly a racist organization for a generation or two, though it has redeemed itself quite smartly. The labour unions on South Africa -- with the honourable exception of those dominated by the Communist Party -- were generally racist organizations in the period 1920 to 1960 or so. * * * I think it is important to look at seminal examples like the Birmingham, Alabamba, US Steel strike of 1935 to see what they mean. In that strike US Steel used black scabs in an attempt to break the USWA. There are later examples of large -- and in some sense "white" -- corporations hiring blacks as strikebreakers, particularly in the 1939-41 years, while the black voters there were were largely Republican, and industry was gearing up, in part through Canada, for WWII. Does this make capitalism racist as an institution? Does this even make US capitalism racist in any institutional sense? Is it a racist act for a capitalist organization to hire black workers preferentially over white, as US Steel did in Birmingham? And is it an "institutional racist" act, or just a matter of convenience? And whose ox is gored? ( In passing let it be said that the United Steelworkers of America, unlike many other unions, have a superb record in supporting both civil rights and employment equity: they have, uh, generously, identified the company, rather than the scabs as being the source of all evil. Games-theoreticians next, puh-leeze...) * * * It is an elementary exercise in microeconomics to demonstrate that dividing a market can lead to increased profits for the supplier to the market that has been divided. Intel sells at high prices first, then drops prices as the faster ones come along: different buyers have different payoff matrices, so it makes sense for many people to buy early and high, even though they know the price will go down later. Some people skip gaily from this fact to the assertion that there are institutions which gain by pitting person against person, group against group, and hence race against race. The fallacy in this parallel is this: the successive cohortes of purchasers from Intel are in no way pitted against each other, though they may raise a glass in a wry curse of Andy Groves' brass balls. The ones last in line -- myself, e.g. -- know that we will get it later at a lower price because our marginal productivity is lower. * * * What, then, of slavery? Was not slavery an institution, a racist one, and one which painted all its descendant institutions -- like, fer instance, the US of A -- with its own institutional racism? This, I think, would be a fair statement of Kathleen Brown's very eloquent, and quite plausible, originating proposition. The answer is a pretty little theory murdered by nasty lurking facts. In Tanach, the "Old Testament," all the writing on the subject assumes a Hebrew slave of a Hebrew owner. I believe that the US record, when it is examined, will show that most American slave-owners conducted themselves on Biblical lines. There were certainly many and horrible exeptions; I doubt that they were the rule. Bob Moses, who was for many years a Catholic Worker worker, recently reconverted to the Judaism of his grandparents, who were slaves of one of the very few Jewish American slave owners. Slavery continues today. A sideshow on the Sudanese government's genocidal war against its own south is the continuation of slave raiding by commercial traders based in Khartoum and outside the country. This business has been reduced not by Saudi Arabia's adherence to the UN anti-slavery protocol of 1956, (which I think they got around to ratifying in 1984 or some damn thing) nor by anyone's actual objections. The cheapness of Philipina and Thai "indentured employees" has rendered the trade less profitable than in the past. This, however, was not my main point. My main point on Southern Sudanese slaves, mostly in the past but a few today, and the Philipinas and the Thai, is this: they are happy to be "slaves." Slavery is generally better than the alternative. ( There is room for investigation, discussion, and debate on the huge numbers of deaths attributed to the Middle Passage and the - it doesn't have a word in English that I know of -- trans-Sahara tromp. Certainly if the death rates are as high as is generally said, both the British and the Arabs, not two groups known for lack of commerical acumen, were lax in their inventory control.) And race doesn't really enter into it. An aside: boxing fans will remember Bundini Brown's remark at the magnificent Rumble in the Jungle: "Thank God my granddaddy caught the freedom expresss." I have one last comment on all of this slavery stuff from a personal point of view. I oppose slavery as I oppose heirarchy -- and the whining, demeaning, daily life people are forced to submit to in their corporations, schools, whatever. At the same time I have been a secretary, a wholly self-immolating role, (to the excellent John Dixon of Washington D.C.), and he taught me much; I am, I hope, his supporter in every way to this day thirty years later. I have a great-aunt by marriage who in fact was a slave. This always gives my partner five good minutes at Passover. She entered slavery in Egypt as a teen, and in her twenties she simply walked out -- my guess, based on the average IQ of the family, being that she thought her "owners" were a bunch of indolent twits. She walked up the Nile, south, for a couple thou K, set herself up in business, and.. well stay tuned. We're still multiplying. Her latest grand-nephew, Deng Alun Lloyd-Jones, is expected about August 9. She has nephews who have been world Judo champion, professors of medicine at three or four different universities in Europe, a Chemistry prof in Botswana,.... etc. That tall, thin, black guy you see at Princeton, Yale, or Berkeley -- he's one of us. (Just the tall ones. Anybody under maybe 6'1" is merely some American black professor. Is that a racist remark?) * * * There. It's Friday afternoon, I have had three beers while writing this, I have tried to be fair to everybody, and I think that "institutional racism" is a crock. If you want to be more extreme: I have never met a bigoted red-neck asshole who was really a racist. I think this is only partly because of what is shown by genetic studies, that the majority of Southerners and something like 40% of Americans have been "touched with the tar brush." The genuine knowledge that all people have within them -- and which is reflected in our institutions, from Bielderberg to the Great Peoples' Hall, and every beer hall everywhere, is "We're all pretty much the same." * * * Everybody with the first clue recognises it. Most of our institutions recognise it. People who think otherwise, and people who think other people think otherwise, are jussa buncha genetic sourpusses. Or maybe they din't get tenure. -dlj. From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Fri Jul 18 21:14:32 1997 Date: Fri, 18 Jul 1997 23:12:11 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK Subject: Re: institutional racism In-Reply-To: List, I have charted official US unemployment rates since 1960 and have found that the black rate of unemployment is two to three times that of whites. Both rates move up and down together reflecting the business cycle. I have also charted the differences in the income levels between US blacks and whites at the same level of educational attainment, and have found that blacks makes roughly 2/3 of what whites make. These figures remain very stable over time. I have always taken these facts as supporting the reality of racism. I cannot see any other explanation. The burden of proof always rests with the person making the claim; I understand this. And my claim that racism permeates the United States, just as one example, is supported by these facts I have produced here. Now if somebody, for the sake of intellectual advancement, would be so kind as to demonstrate to this list that these numbers can be explained by another theory, I would love to hear it. In any case, "institutional racism" is perhaps a redundancy. Racism is by definition institutionalized. Andrew Austin From dlj@pobox.com Fri Jul 18 22:12:25 1997 by mail.istar.ca with smtp (Exim 1.651 #1) From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: , "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: institutional racism Date: Sat, 19 Jul 1997 00:13:33 -0400 charset="us-ascii" The irrepressible Andrew Wayne Austin writes: >I have charted official US unemployment rates since 1960 and have found >that the black rate of unemployment is two to three times that of whites. >Both rates move up and down together reflecting the business cycle. I have >also charted the differences in the income levels between US blacks and >whites at the same level of educational attainment, and have found that >blacks makes roughly 2/3 of what whites make. These figures remain very >stable over time. > For starters it would be nice to see these numbers normalised for age and education. When he carries out these elementary steps Andy will find that Americans identified as "black" or "African- American" have incomes very little different from whites of the same age and educational achievement. Assuming he finds this (and it _is_ true, give or take) he will claim this shows the "institutional racism" of education. Horseshit, sez I. The only problem with education is the fools who are allowed to practice it. The most cursory examination of successful black families will find that they have a desire for education as fiercely burning as that of the hungriest Hong Kong needle-lady. Britannica salesmen hit Jamaican homes first. American education is lousy overall, and it is particularly lousy for lower class areas, these being disproportionately black. Next. -dlj. * * * PS: The major difference between American "blacks" and "whites" (I put them in quotation marks because there are almost no Americans of straight African descent, while the number of Americans of partially African descent will be a majority in the next generation: mongrels beat thoroughbreds everywhere and always, and this may be part of America's success.) is not in income. The major difference is in property owned. Atlanta and Washington have their gold coasts. There were black clipper owners, insurers -- and plantation owners -- before the Revolution, and today there is that bunch out in Wisconsin ( "We invented the pill to keep the white folks from multiplying...") and so forth. The major clip, over the last three generations, since the race riots -- whites killing blacks -- in 1919 has been banks chewing up the black working class. Throughout this period black working people buying their own homes have paid on average something around one percent more in interest for their mortgages than have white working people. ( This is a strong bit of evidence for the "institutional racism" notion -- and is perhaps one place where it seems almost right. The only things wrong with institutional racism as an explanation are a. that it distracts from the personal realities, the ugly racism, of the people actually carrying out the discrimination, and b. ignores the fact that the institutions involved, the banks, might have been better off without the discrimination.) The thing about mortgages is this: a 1% clip on the rate amounts to about the worth of the house over 30 years, i.e. a generation. To a rough approximation you can divide American wealth into four: financial wealth, 50%++; the rest 50% less a bit -- of which half is the houses. If you've stolen the value of a house off two successive generations of black working peole, you have cut them off at the ankles, the knees, and a spare stab in the kidney. They've lost their bit of the quarter. Academics who want to look into this in detail can go to the Federal Reserve of St. Louis gopher over the past eight years or so. Everyone who has looked at the situation objectively has been shocked and appalled, and the banking community have taken major steps to change things. -dlj. -dlj. From aaustin@utkux.utcc.utk.edu Fri Jul 18 23:33:37 1997 id BAA07058; Sat, 19 Jul 1997 01:33:29 -0400 (EDT) Date: Sat, 19 Jul 1997 01:31:13 -0400 (EDT) From: Andrew Wayne Austin To: David Lloyd-Jones Subject: Re: institutional racism In-Reply-To: List, In the US, intact black families, on the average, are poorer than white single female families. I suppose this reflects of a problem of black families not having a "fiercely burning" "desire for education." Andy From r.deibert@utoronto.ca Fri Jul 18 23:41:22 1997 Date: Sat, 19 Jul 1997 04:41:42 -0400 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu From: "Ronald J. Deibert" Subject: Re: institutional racism ............I don't know whether to applaud or queue up the laugh track, but isn't this a re-run? Ron Deibert From dlj@pobox.com Sat Jul 19 00:38:36 1997 by mail.istar.ca with smtp (Exim 1.651 #1) From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: , "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: institutional racism Date: Sat, 19 Jul 1997 02:39:29 -0400 charset="US-ASCII" : Andrew Wayne Austin writes: >In the US, intact black families, on the average, are poorer than white >single female families. I suppose this reflects of a problem of black >families not having a "fiercely burning" "desire for education." > I don't know what Andy claims here. I have already pointed out that while US people's incomes are pretty much level by age and education, regardeless of "color", there is neverhteless a group called "black familes"who have less assets than most other groups. I have also, following the Fed's excellent and astringent ways, pointed out why this is so: a couple of generations of banks cheating black working people with good credit and normal mortgageable property. This is a deep shame and horror. I think, however, that good policy is better served by the style of clean analysis to which I aspire than by the heavy histrionics with which Andy bores us daily. -dlj. From cscpo@polsci.umass.edu Sat Jul 19 16:10:30 1997 Sat, 19 Jul 1997 18:10:25 -0400 (EDT) Date: Sat, 19 Jul 1997 18:09:27 -0400 From: "colin s. cavell" Subject: Re: institutional racism To: dlj@pobox.com To dlj and all your (fictional?) associates whom you refer to as "us": As a member of the WSN listserv, I, in NO way, should now, before, or in the future, ever be construed as possessing, sharing, or, in any way, sympathizing with the views of one "dlj", who, in my observance of the numerous negative responses to his postings, has few, if any, followers, associates, or sympathizers on this list. In the future, "dlj", please speak only for yourself unless and until otherwise indicated that at least one other shares your thoughts, values, or sentiments. _________________________________________________________________________ Colin S. Cavell Department of Political Science "There can be no perfect democracy Thompson Tower, Box 37520 curtailed by color, race or poverty. University of Massachusetts But with all we accomplish all, Amherst, MA 01003-7520 even peace." Internet: cscpo@polsci.umass.edu Voice: (413) 546-3408 --W.E.B. Du Bois http://www-unix.oit.umass.edu/~cscpo (1868-1963) ========================================================================== On Sat, 19 Jul 1997 02:39:29 -0400, David Lloyd-Jones wrote: >I think, however, that good policy is better served by the style of clean >analysis to which I aspire than by the heavy histrionics with which Andy >bores us daily. > > -dlj. From dlj@pobox.com Sun Jul 20 06:41:51 1997 by mail.istar.ca with smtp (Exim 1.651 #9) From: "David Lloyd-Jones" To: , "WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK" Subject: Re: institutional racism Date: Sun, 20 Jul 1997 08:43:19 -0400 charset="us-ascii" Andrew Wayne Austin >I have charted official US unemployment rates since 1960 and have found >that the black rate of unemployment is two to three times that of whites. >Both rates move up and down together reflecting the business cycle. I have >also charted the differences in the income levels between US blacks and >whites at the same level of educational attainment, and have found that >blacks makes roughly 2/3 of what whites make. These figures remain very >stable over time. These figures are bogus. Black males make roughly the same incomes as white males of the same age and education. College graduate black females have high average incomes than college graduate white females. >I have always taken these facts as supporting the reality of racism. I >cannot see any other explanation. The burden of proof always rests with >the person making the claim; I understand this. And my claim that racism >permeates the United States, just as one example, is supported by these >facts I have produced here. Now if somebody, for the sake of intellectual >advancement, would be so kind as to demonstrate to this list that these >numbers can be explained by another theory, I would love to hear it. > >In any case, "institutional racism" is perhaps a redundancy. Racism is by >definition institutionalized. Whose definition would that be? It seems to me more plausible to think that there are racist, non-racist and anti-racist institutions, and that in the main racism is a personal and cultural affliction rather than an institutional one. -dlj. From harlowc@cats.ucsc.edu Sun Jul 20 15:04:07 1997 Date: Sat, 20 Jul 1996 14:00:03 -0700 From: Christian Harlow Reply-To: harlowc@cats.ucsc.edu To: WSN Subject: RE: institutional racism dlj contradicts himself (again) > It seems to me more plausible to think that there are racist, non-racist and > anti-racist institutions, Well if there are racist institututions then I guess there is institutional racism, no? Is the real estate industry an institution? Is the state an institution? The "institutionalized" practices of these two "institutions" throughout U.S. history are proof enough that there is institutionalized racism. I know that noone on WSN is lame enough to beleive anything that dlj writes anymore but in case anyone wants some (more) ammo to beat down the "there is no such thing as institutional racism" bullshit check out _American Apartheid_ by Massey and Denton, 1993. It shows how race is the primary determinate in issues of continued segregation and concentration of poverty in the black community. So dlj you might as well take your computer and go play in the street, I don't suffer fools well and am not going to respond to anything more you have to say about this issue...you are wrong...the science has been done...you would do better to read some of it rather than to continue filling our bandwidth with nonsense. A luta continua, Christian From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Mon Jul 21 05:13:12 1997 for ; Mon, 21 Jul 1997 17:52:20 +0700 (NSD) 21 Jul 97 17:52:22 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Mon, 21 Jul 1997 17:52:13 -0600 (NSK) Subject: fwd:R.Groves:Dominance of Europe this msg from another list seems to relevant for this one, see also my short note in the middle nikolai Sender: PHILosophy OF HIstory and theoretical history From: Randy Groves Thanks to Nikolai for responding to my comments on his post on factors of Euro-dominance. Here are some more comments on the response: 1. Material Factors: Geographical position: Nikolai is right to point out that while some other groups may have been just as close to the New World as the Europeans, the Europeans actually took advantage of their proximity. Western Africans didn't have the ships or sailing abilities and the Arabs in Spain were more concerned with keeping hold of Spain, I would think. 2. The story of the precious metals: Spain and Portugal didn't invest the money in domestic manufacturing. The interesting issue here is how others (the British and especially the Dutch) seemed to profit more from the Gold than those who brought it from the New World. Social Factors: Insurance. Does anyone know if India or China had anything comparable to the European Insurance industry? I haven't come across any evidence of this, so this could be a major advantage to the Europeans for their long-distance voyages. Nikolai: this question seems to me rather important, i'd like to hear about from most active opponents of any European advantages - Jim Blaut, Gunder Frank et al Randy again: On the question of why Arabs didn't compete with Europeans in trade and colonization: They already had a great strategic position between East and West. One of the incentives for long-distance sailing was to get around and bypass the Arabs. Randy Groves J. Randall Groves, M.A.,M.A., Ph.D Associate Professor of Humanities Ferris State University rgroves@art01.ferris.edu From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Mon Jul 21 05:17:33 1997 for ; Mon, 21 Jul 1997 18:07:56 +0700 (NSD) 21 Jul 97 18:07:56 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Mon, 21 Jul 1997 18:07:40 -0600 (NSK) Subject: fwd:D.Richardson:advantages in mechanics From: Karol and Dan Garrison >From David Richardson 319 Scottridge Dr. Charlotte, NC 28217-4047 (704)523-8749 It seems to me that the mechanical and technological inventions were the decisive thing. I don't think a special aggressive quality in the Western soul existed. Here all humans seem to be equal. Da Vinci and Galileo worked out much of the mechanics of flying cannon balls before 1650. Your treatment of the factors causing the ascendancy of Europeans seems to give too little weight to science and technology. But I am referring only to the causes of Europe's political dominance. I think that Europe's culture (that is, the worldview) was changed very much by the civilizations Westerners dominated. I suppose you look on 17th century Russia, as I do, as part of Western Civilization. Best wishes, David From wwagar@binghamton.edu Mon Jul 21 11:30:06 1997 From: wwagar@binghamton.edu Date: Mon, 21 Jul 1997 13:31:38 -0400 (EDT) To: Stephen Homick Subject: Re: On imprecise language, w/Apologies to G. Orwell In-Reply-To: <199707180329.XAA04818@pike.sover.net> On Thu, 17 Jul 1997, Stephen Homick wrote: > El 16 Jul 97 a las 16:21, wwagar@binghamton.edu > dixit: > > > "Latino" is precise in one sense. It refers and Los Latinos > > refers to persons of the male gender. Since half of all Latin folk > > are Latinas, they should not be cut out of the picture. Here we are > > required to speak of "Latino/a" people. This is not a pretty word, > > but one sees its merits. > > Nice try but no cohiba (the Havana stogie that Yankee > aficionados risk life & limb to get), Warren. > > In Spanish and other romance tongues, absent any qualifying > adjective, a masculine noun, be it singular or plural, can refer to a > group of males and females generally. Frankly, it makes not a whit > of sense to use "Latino/a" as a gentile noun or adjective. > Of course you're right, and previously this was also the case in English. The point is that studies of persons and cultures of Hispanic provenance that take place in the United States are under pressure to conform to current English usage, even when using the Spanish language. We have plenty of Spanish-speaking students and professors at Binghamton, and it is some of them, not I, who insist on Latino/a. Warren W. Warren Wagar Department of History Binghamton University From OWENJACK@FS.isu.edu Mon Jul 21 15:35:26 1997 From: "J B Owens" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Mon, 21 Jul 1997 15:39:45 -0600, MDT Subject: CFP: Radical History Review ------- Forwarded Message Follows ------- Date: Mon, 21 Jul 1997 17:21:30 -0400 (EDT) Reply-To: emjnet@lists.acs.ohio-state.edu Sender: owner-emjnet@lists.acs.ohio-state.edu From: "Philip C. Brown" To: j-edit@h-net2.h-net.msu.edu, emjnet@lists.acs.ohio-state.edu Subject: Call for Papers: Radical History Review CALL FOR PAPERS Environmental Politics, Geography, and the Left The Radical History Review is currently soliciting articles and essays for a thematic volume on "Environmental Politics, Geography, and the Left." We would welcome articles that examine the history of formal environmental politics, ideologies, and movements. These articles might deal with the following kinds of questions: What, historically, has been the relationship between the environmental movement and left politics? Between the environmental movement and other oppositional movements such as feminism, racial politics, urban reform, and consumer politics? In addition to essays which explore the history, culture, and beliefs of the formal environmental movement internationally and in the U.S., we would also welcome articles which deal with aspects of social geography, space, and the built environment. These essays might include explorations of the diminishing concept of the public sphere, or the historical--and contemporary--relationship between changes in the economy, such as "globalization," and transformations in the organization of space. We also seek essays which examine the relationship between geography and the formal politics of environmentalism. These essays, ideally, might trouble our sense of what the basic category of "environmental politics" has historically included and excluded: Why, when, and how does a problem get categorized or counted as "environmental"? How do changes in "artificial" environments relate to the formal movements described by the terms "environmental politics" and "environmentalism"--movements aimed at controlling space, the use of resources, the definition of public and private domain, and the social effects of problems such as industrial pollution? How do "resources" get named and classified, and how have things such as forests been converted from natural spaces into commodities and, on occasion, back into "natural resources"? Radical History Review especially invites submisssions that investigate non-U.S./non-Western contexts, and those essays that reflect on the relationship between contemporary and historical environmental themes. Please send submissions to Managing Editor, Radical History Review, Tamiment Library, 70 Washington Square South, New York, NY 10012. Inquiries to Pamela Haag, haagp@mail.aauw.org, or to the RHR office at (212) 998-2632. Submission Deadline: January 15, 1998 From ms44278@email.csun.edu Mon Jul 21 17:56:22 1997 Date: Mon, 21 Jul 1997 16:28:55 -0700 From: Mike Shupp To: wwagar@binghamton.edu Subject: Re: On imprecise language, w/Apologies to G. Orwell References: Could be worse. We have a Department of Chicana/o Studies here. No Latinos for us. -- Mike Shupp Graduate Student Department of Anthropology California State University, Northridge ms44278@csun1.csun.edu http://www.csun.edu/~ms44278/ From rene.barendse@tip.nl Tue Jul 22 09:47:17 1997 id <01BC96D3.F550A460@amsterdam-017.std.pop.tip.nl>; Tue, 22 Jul 1997 19:17:55 +-200 From: barendse To: "'WSN@csf.colorado.edu'" Subject: Factors of European dominance Date: Tue, 22 Jul 1997 19:16:20 +-200 Very many interesting questions raised in this interesting discussion = and very few answers: Rather than making sweeping statements about N.Rosov's list which I = better leave to the social scientists out there I would like to provide = a `clarification of doubtful issues' to quote ayatolah Khomeini: Mike Shupp: 1.)I don't know about China, but for Islam (including Mughal India) the = statement that land reverted to the state or rather the sovereign = (classic Islamic political theory does not have an abstract concept of = `the state') is simply wrong. Apart from land which could be taken from = the owner upon his death there was also land which was bestowed with a = non alienable right of property, called iqta or malik, some of it being = exempt from central taxation (vaqf or inam property). Although the = relative percentages of alienable and non alienable land widely varied = non-alienable land made up a substantial portion of the land in most = Islamic state, in some cases (e.g in the Aq Qunlu period in Iran - 15 th = century) most of it. The statement that Europeans were more interested = in acquiring land doesn't make sense since, for example, most of the = Ottoman conquest in the Balkan were granted as non-alienable property, = which brings me to: 2.)Islam did n't expand in the sixteenth century ? Hmm .. most of = eastern Europe was overrun by the Ottoman empire in that period, even = Russia narrowly escaped annexation - Moscow was sacked by the Tartars in = the mid seventies. Then again, the Ottoman empire nearly overran = Ethiopia in the sixteenth century and - this is also mostly forgotten- = the Saidian sharifate of Morocco sent out large expedition overland = which came as far as Mali. Again, for a later period China annexed the = whole of eastern Turkestan (Sinkiang) in the eighteenth century, coming = as far as Nepal in the south, Chinese forces nearly reached Tashkent in = the west in the early nineteenth century. Chinese expansion was thus not = stemmed in the eighteenth century as Mike Shupp argues, although, = obviously, Chinese power was difficult to maintain in the Tien Shan or = the Himalaya 3000 miles from Beijing and the Chinese generals had = therefore to enter into coalitions with the Gurkhas or the Khanate of = Kokand. Now, here too, is the obvious answer to N. Rosov's question whether = there are non-European examples of empires parcelling out the globe and = entering upon a systematic policy of exploration and conquest: the = answer is of course the Ottoman empire. Two cases which I find = interesting: one, the expedition of Sidi Ali Reis from the Yemen into = the Indian Ocean in the 1570's as far south as Mozambique, planned and = financed by the Ottoman state. Two, one of the earliest maps showing the = location of America is in the Topkapi Serail and must have been = transmitted by Ottoman spies in Spain immediately upon its discovery. = Europe was - in the fifteenth and sixteenth century - expanding = simultaneously with and partly in response to the Ottoman empire; one of = my favorite `what if's' is `what would have happened if the Portuguese = had entered the Indian Ocean in the mid sixteenth century?' I personally = think they might have found an Ottoman naval empire in place centred in = the Gulf with satrapies in places like Diu, Cananore, the Maldives and = Kilwa and European expansion in Asia would have been very difficult = indeed as the example of the Mediterrenean in this period shows. To return to Mike Shupp and to Mongol intelligence: 3.)Japan may be an exception but for the Mongol conquest of Khwarizm we = actually know that the Mongol expedition was preceded by a number of = fact-finding missions, mostly carried out by Uyghur merchants. Spying on = long distances was quite normal in the diplomatic world of medieval = Islam, facilitated by the existence of a Syrian/Uyghur merchant network = which stretched the length and breadth of the known world. Again, for obvious reasons no archives are left of the golden horde, but = it seems that Mongols on the Volga had a very precise inside perception = of eastern European politics (Hungary to the Teutonic order to the = Novgorod dominon) e.g. their recruting the princeling of Moscow to = gather tribute on their behalf as Mocow was this weak and this = threatened by their neighbours as not to turn into a threat for the = golden horde. Randall Groves: 4.)On issurance: Yes and No, on the periods on which we have details = (i.e. ninth-twelth, sixteenth-eighteenth century) there was an extensive = and very old system of insurance in the Indian Ocean and the South China = Seas for insuring ships, cargoes. bullion and even caravans. This is a = hugely complicated issue on which I can not enter in detail except by = noting that the freight fetched by the English east India company's = servants on voyages within Asia was mostly insured by Indian merchants, = that of the Dutch East India Company often by Chinese. Yes, it is true = that we do not have evidence for the existence of permanent insurance = companies backed by the government of cities as existed in Holland as = early as the fourteenth century and life-insurance was unknown; this has = to do with the Christian habit of reading masses for the deceased, money = for which was mostly put aside in a special fund entrusted to the = comunities; in Islam this was a function performed by the `guilds' = rather than the government of towns. Bruce McFarling: Several fascinating issues but I am especially puzzled by his = fascinating comments on `World Cities and World system' which paper, = sadly, I didn't see. 5.)The definition of zones in the early World system depends very much = on the definition of `axial age' : the word is derived from K. Jasper's = whose `Achsenzeit' refers to the seventh to fourth century B.C. I think = for this period two zones should be included in the definition if the = central zone refers to Mesopotamia which I think is a reasonable = proposition (India was central to nothing in the Vedic period) For one = thing it should include a southern zone refering to Meroe, early = Ethiopia and the early Sabean kingdom of south Arabia which was of = course closely related to Egypt but had a different and separate = economy, for another - and in spite of being accused of Eurocentrism- I = think this should include a `western zone' referring to Greece and the = Hellenic zone of settlement in the Mediterrean, the Etruscs and = Carthago. And here I think we have a major problem in that we know so little = about Carthago - what we do know about Carthago is that Carthago had far = more extensive contacts with Africa than Rome ever had - around 450 B.C. = Carthago may have sent out an expedition which rounded the Cape of Good = Hope and we know from coins that Carthaginian ships sailed as far as the = Gulf of Guinea and the Atlantic islands. This trade was discontinued by = order of the Roman emperor - a western parallel to the Cheng Ho puzzle ! = It was a more drastic rupture, in fact, since the Romans actually lost = the location of the Atlantic islands and most of the Carthaginian = knowledge of Africa upon its destruction. Again, African trade seems to = have dwindled after the Roman conquest; of course, since the Roman = empire was a military/agricultural society profoundly averse to = merchants. Anyhow, if we consider Carthago the western zone should = include a sizable trunk of west Africa, until the Roman conquest at = least. =20 Blauts note that one should not overlook the west-east African = connections across the Sahara raises a huge issue which is only likely = to be resolved in the next century: namely the ecology of the Sahara in = the twelfth-seventh century B.C. we know that the Sahara has = progressively become drier and it may still have supported = agricultural/merchant communities in the seventh century B.C.. It might = have been the focus of another Sahara/Niger zone of the world system: we = know virtually nothing about this and this will have to await further = archeological investigation in the Sahara and the Sahel. Maybe some day we may find that the Sahara was the original birth place = of the ancient world system somewhere around 3500 B.C. - a fascinating = idea and very pleasant to all the politically very correct out there. If = African robbers, smugglers cum `art collectors' in the `developed' = countries will permit it, of course (any archeological site discovered = in the Sahel one day will be looted the next morning and lost forever. = Again, virtually the entire collection of the national museum of Mali = has recently been stolen, I was told). Which brings me back to the blessings of modern capitalism: =20 =20 6.)That the Spanish and Portuguese kings did not invest whole lots of = money in the discoveries is at any rate wrong for the Portuguese. Most = voyages of discovery were made under royal auspices - mainly since the = Tuscan bankers were good risk-averse capitalist who would not invest in = such uncertain ventures - and Joao III did not own his surname the = `grocer king' for nothing: until the 1530's most products from India = were sold on the crown's behalf. Because of the Portuguese accountancy = system it is virtually impossible to say whether the Portuguse = African/Indian empire was running at a profit, but it seems to me that = all costs considered it was a losing proposition most of the time, which = had to be heavily subsidized by the Portuguese exchequer.=20 There are more points raised in this debate (e.g. the old myth that = Spanish and Portuguese merchants were not speding their money = productively in the sixteenth century) but I'll better leave these for a = latter time. Hope this far too long posting pleases the readers of the `historical = stuff'. Dr. R.J. Barendse IIAS-Leiden Rene.barendse@tip.nl From ms44278@huey.csun.edu Tue Jul 22 17:05:20 1997 Date: Tue, 22 Jul 1997 16:04:43 -0700 (PDT) From: mike shupp To: barendse Subject: Re: Factors of European dominance In-Reply-To: <01BC96D3.F550A460@amsterdam-017.std.pop.tip.nl> On Tue, 22 Jul 1997, barendse wrote: > Very many interesting questions raised in this interesting discussion and very few answers: > > Rather than making sweeping statements about N.Rosov's list which I better leave to the social scientists out there I would like to provide a `clarification of doubtful issues' to quote ayatolah Khomeini: > > Mike Shupp: > > 1.)I don't know about China, but for Islam..... Hoo boy! Would you prefer that I bow to your superior scholarship or shall I just grimace with pain and holler "Uncle" ? That'll teach me to stray away from the late Pleistocene! ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ms44278@csun1.csun.edu Mike Shupp California State University, Northridge Graduate Student, Dept. of Anthropology http://www.csun.edu/~ms44278/index.htm From ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au Tue Jul 22 18:06:57 1997 wsn@csf.colorado.edu; Wed, 23 Jul 1997 10:06:40 +1000 Date: Wed, 23 Jul 1997 10:06:39 +1000 From: Bruce McFarling Subject: Re: Factors of European dominance To: rene.barendse@tip.nl, WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK At 07:16 PM 7/22/97 -0200, barendse wrote: >Very many interesting questions raised in this interesting discussion and >very few answers: > >Rather than making sweeping statements about N.Rosov's list which I better leave to the social scientists out there I would like to provide a `clarification of doubtful issues' to quote ayatolah Khomeini: > >Mike Shupp: > >2.)Islam did n't expand in the sixteenth century ? Hmm .. most of >eastern Europe was overrun by the Ottoman empire in that period, ... It is important to keep this in mind, I think. It may be a mistake to view the conclusion of the work of the reconquistadores (1492 for the central Iberian peninsula, earlier for the portuguese) and the Iberian maritime ventures leading eventually to the conquistadores as a coincidence. It was one thing to win the conquer the peninsula: going on to try to get to the East over the top of the Ottoman empire would have been an entirely different kettle of fish -- it would have been silly. With the Portuguese running out of peninsula (!) they would get a head start going around the Afrasian landmass, leaving Columbus' venture a more tempting stab in the dark for the central kingdoms. Virtually, Bruce McFarling, Ourimbah ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au PS. Label me a regional economist, but I still think a town (Puebla) is a group of people just as much as a neighborhood (Barrio) is. From ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au Tue Jul 22 18:33:42 1997 wsn@csf.colorado.edu; Wed, 23 Jul 1997 10:33:04 +1000 Date: Wed, 23 Jul 1997 10:33:04 +1000 From: Bruce McFarling Subject: Re: Factors of European dominance To: rene.barendse@tip.nl, WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK At 07:16 PM 7/22/97 -0200, barendse wrote: >Bruce McFarling: > > Several fascinating issues but I am especially puzzled by his > fascinating comments on `World Cities and World system' which > paper, sadly, I didn't see. It was on this list that I got the reference. > 5.)The definition of zones in the early World system depends very much on > the definition of `axial age' : the word is derived from K. Jasper's whose >`Achsenzeit' refers to the seventh to fourth century B.C. Then I am guilty of inferring the term as applying to the East West axis from the West Asian zone to the East Asian zone. Sorry if this confused the issue. In the paper, the working hypothesis is that early correlation between what later become the East and West regional zones (my terms) is parallel, which would be the time referred to above, before the full Afrasian world-system had emerged. > I think for this period two zones should be included in the definition > if the central zone refers to Mesopotamia which I think is a reasonable > proposition (India was central to nothing in the Vedic period)... I cannot conceivable argue whether or not Mesopotamia was central to the World-system that emerged at what was later the western end of the Afrasian world-system. The suspicion was that a general vision in which the center inexorably (though not continuously) expands outward is underneath the labelling of the "central" world-system. I avoided the prejudging the question by labelling the regional-zones of the Afrasian world system by their relative location for the western and eastern extreme, and calling the one in the middle Indic instead of central. I would argue that we could identify regional-systems with a world-system on structural grounds, and therefore define them *prior to* the hypothesis emobodied in the "central world-system" terminology regarding the development of the Afrasian World-System. > For one thing it should include a southern zone refering to Meroe, > early Ethiopia and the early Sabean kingdom of south Arabia which was > of course closely related to Egypt but had a different and separate > economy, for another - and in spite of being accused of Eurocentrism- > I think this should include a `western zone' referring to Greece and > the Hellenic zone of settlement in the Mediterrean, the Etruscs and > Carthago. So I wa saying precisely 0 regarding the regional-systems that existed in the world-system that mostly became the westernmost regional- system in the Afrasian World-System. I apologize if careless use of terminology led to an impression otherwise. >Which brings me back to the blessings of modern capitalism: > >6.)That the Spanish and Portuguese kings did not invest whole lots of > money in the discoveries is at any rate wrong for the Portuguese. Here I can be pleased that I was appropriately specific. I specified the conquests, not the voyages of discovery. Although I hadn't considered the point, the difference in investment in the conquests and the voyages of discovery simply underlines the point. The peripheral kingdoms at the western edge of the Western regional-system were not setting out to conquer the world: they were setting out to get better access to the goods that were coming from areas closer to the center of the World-System of the time. Virtually, Bruce McFarling, Ourimbah ecbm@cc.newcastle.edu.au From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Wed Jul 23 05:41:32 1997 Wed, 23 Jul 1997 18:33:03 +0700 (NSD) 23 Jul 97 18:33:13 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: PHILOFHI@YORKU.CA, wsn@csf.colorado.edu, H-WORLD@H-Net.msu.edu Date: Wed, 23 Jul 1997 18:32:53 -0600 (NSK) Subject: CALL FOR PAPERS:ISCSC,Reitaku-1988(Japan) ISCSC International Society for the Comparative Study of Civilizations CALL FOR PAPERS 27th ANNUAL MEETING JUNE 11-14, 1988 REITAKU UNIVERSITY Kashiwa City, Chiba Prefecture, Japan We invite papers, panels, roundtables, and workshops on the processes, structures, and texts of past and present civilizations; and on the theories and methods conducive to civilizational studies; as well as on our ################################################################## 1998 Special Theme The Emergence of the Pacific Rim Civilizations? ################################################################### Papers are invited on the theme especially, but the conference is not limited to the theme. Deadline for abstracts: November 15, 1997. Please send inquires and abstracts to: Dr.Midori Yamanouchi Rynn ISCSC 1998 Program Chair Department of Sociology University of Scranton Scranton, PA 18510-4605 U.S.A. Phone: (717) 941-6137 Fax: 941-6367 (Home) phone & fax: 689-4401 E-mail: [c/o Dept.secretary]: lestanskyj1@lion.uofs.edu The ISCSC seeks to provide a forum for scholarly inquiry and exchange of ideas along a number of lines: the comparison of whole civilizations; the development of theories or methods especially useful in comparative civilizational studies; significant issues in the humanities or the social sciences studied from a comparative civilizational perspective; specific comparisons across cultural axes; interdisciplinary and other approaches to issues in civilizational studies. The "Comparative Civilizational Perspective" which the Society advocates is designed to shed new light either on the process, structures and texts of single civilizations or on the problems of interpreting and comparing civilizations with methods from both the humanities and the social sciences. Fowarded by: *********************************************************** Nikolai S. Rozov # Address: Dept.of Philosophy Prof.of Philosophy # Novosibirsk State University rozov@cnit.nsu.ru # 630090, Novosibirsk Fax: (3832) 355237 # Pirogova 2, RUSSIA Moderator of the mailing list PHILOFHI (PHILosophy OF HIstory and theoretical history) http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/~dew7e/anthronet/subscribe /philofhi.html ************************************************************ From chriscd@jhu.edu Wed Jul 23 07:08:12 1997 Wed, 23 Jul 1997 08:55:13 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 23 Jul 1997 08:53:52 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: [Fwd: Call for Papers] To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu by jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu (950413.SGI.8.6.12/950213.SGI.AUTOCF) chriscd@jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu; Tue, 22 Jul 1997 11:50:53 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 22 Jul 1997 17:46:36 +0200 From: isa@sis.ucm.es (International Sociological Association) Subject: Call for Papers Apparently-to: chriscd@jhu.edu To: chriscd@jhu.edu Reply-to: isa@sis.ucm.es To: Members of the International Sociological Association CALL FOR PAPERS Research Committee on the Sociology of Agriculture and Food (RC-40) Mini-Conference on THE GLOBAL AGRIFOOD SECTOR AND TRANSNATIONAL CORPORATIONS Montreal, Quebec, Canada, 26 July 1998 As part of its preparations for the World Congress of Sociology to be held in Montreal, CANADA, the Research Committee on Agriculture and Food will hold a special mini-conference on Sunday, July 26th on the topic of "The Global Agrifood Sector and Transnational Corporations." This mini-conference will precede RC-40's regular activities at the World Congress. Paper proposals are welcomed for this mini-conference. The principal objective will be to discuss the organization of the global agrifood system through the analysis of the actions of transnational corporations (TNCs) that play a role in any aspect of global agriculture, including food production and distribution. While the actions of TNCs are the immediate focus, the more general objective is the study of the various social phenomena that affect and are affected by the actions of TNCs. In this respect, the study of TNCs should be considered as a lens through which relevant social events and relations in global agrifood system are analyzed. Within this framework, a variety of issues could be addressed by individuals wishing to participate in the mini-conference. These include, but are not necessarily limited to: 1) how decentralization, horizontal integration, and subcontracting have been identified as characteristics of the globalization phase; 2) the types of relationships that exist among TNCs on the one hand and between TNCs and the State on the other; 3) The spatial dimension of TNC operations; and 4) The relationship between TNCs and other social actors. Selected papers presented at the mini-conference are expected be included in an edited volume to be published under the auspices of RC40. Proposals for papers are due to the President or Secretary of RC-40 by December 1, 1997. The selection process will be carried out by an Editorial Committee appointed by the Executive Board of RC40. Further information on the mini-conference can be obtained from the Programme Coordinators. They are: William Friedland, President RC40. College Eight, University of California Santa Cruz, California 95064 U.S.A. email: friedla@cats.ucsc.edu fax: (408) 459-3518 Ray Jussaume, Secretary RC40 Dept. of Rural Sociology Washington State University P. O. Box 644006 Pullman, Washington 99164-4006 U.S.A. email: rajussaume@wsu.edu fax: (509) 335-2125 From chriscd@jhu.edu Wed Jul 23 13:36:07 1997 23 Jul 1997 15:29:20 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 23 Jul 1997 15:28:00 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: sessions on globalization at the world congress of sociology To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu International Sociological Association XIV World Congress of Sociology July 26 - August 1, 1998, Montreal, Canada "The Future of Globalization" two sessions organized by : Volker Bornschier University of Zurich Sociological Institute, Raemistrasse 69 CH-8001 Zurich/Switzerland Fax: 0041/1/634-49-89 e-mail: vobo@soziologie.unizh.ch and Christopher Chase-Dunn Department of Sociology Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218 USA Fax: 001/410/516-7590 chriscd@jhu.edu During the late 1980s a new term entered popular discourse: globalization. Instead of clarifying issues of world development the buzzword rather seemed to add confusion and misunderstandings. There are at least five different dimensions of globalization that need to be distinguished: -- economic globalization -- political globalization -- common ecological constraints, -- cultural values and institutions, and -- globalization of communication. While the earlier popular discourse on globalization seemed to suggest - at least implicitly - that globalization and world economic growth occur in tandem, a closer look reveals that the various aspects of globalization became accentuated in the phase of long term sluggish economic growth (1973-1992) as compared with the earlier long term economic upswing (1950-1973). And it became evident that despite several countries with remarkable growth in the 1980s and 1990s, overall polarization in the world did not shrink but increased in the latest era of globalization. Adjectives such as "uneven" and "limits" have increasingly appeared in the titles of academic works on globalization. This not only reflects a critical stance, but also the obvious need for theoretical clarity and empirical research. For the above sessions we invite abstracts of proposed papers that examine the diverse phenomena of "globalization" and reflect on the sustainability of developments and the design of new (or strengthening of existing) institutions in order to shape a less polarized and more peaceful social world. How are the different aspects of globalization related to one another? What are the long-term trajectories of international integration? And what institutional structures may emerge in the future to cope with the recent high level of economic integration? Please share this information with interested colleagues and submit proposals to both organizers no later than January 15, 1998. From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Thu Jul 24 08:11:59 1997 for ; Thu, 24 Jul 1997 21:09:36 +0700 (NSD) 24 Jul 97 21:09:40 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Thu, 24 Jul 1997 21:09:22 -0600 (NSK) Subject: Re: European Dominance: Project of Global Division Some factual notes on Mike Shupp's comment: > From: Mike Shupp Nikolai: > > But we must also take into account such complex factor as the > > documented existance of a special project of world invasion and > > division combined with intensive geographical studies and > > purposeful transoceanic expeditions. > > I mean here Papa's bulla of the division of ALL non- Christian > > lands to be discovered in future between Portugal and Spain, > Mike: > I don't see this as terribly important; it strikes me as the Pope's > attempt to reduce squabbling betwen the Spanish and the Portuguese > by giving each an exclusive area to investigate/develop-- but it > was an ad hoc response to new circumstances created by Columbus > and de Gama and Magellan, etc., not a real statement of European > policy. This Bull 1493 was really an ad hoc response to Columbus (but before de Gama 1497-9 and Magellan 1520-26). It was most famous and GLOBAL document but not first an a rather long tradition. Popes Niccolo V and Kalikst III (sorry for misspelling) confirmed rights of Portugal on all non- Christian lands discovered to South and East from the cape Bochador 'up to Indians' (1452-56). English expedition to North America of John Cabbot 1497-8 was prepared by Henry VII in great conspiracy from Portugal and Spain. Companions of Magellan knew very well of Portugal legal monopoly in Indian ocean and tried to escape Portugeuse ships but failed, 'Trinidad' and all its people were arrested and almost all died in jail. English expansion had in beginning pirates like Frensis Drake just because foreign activities in Southern sees were banned. Finally, what was the reason of European monarchs to support Reformation? Taking into account that legitimization by ancient Roman Church was of primary value for each of them, we must assume that only a very serious political- economic reason could urge monarchs to change their own and state religion (in Netherlands, England, German states). The hypotethesis that namely freedom for further colonization, the striving to escape Pope's ban seems to be rather plausible as explanation of this type of decision. Mike: > There's precious little evidence other European states took > the division very seriously. Nikolai: Can a change of own and national religion by monarchs be an argument that European states took the global devision VERY SERIOUSLY? best, N From timber@ksu.edu Thu Jul 24 15:58:58 1997 for ; Thu, 24 Jul 1997 16:58:51 -0500 (CDT) Date: Thu, 24 Jul 1997 16:58:51 -0500 (CDT) From: Michael F Timberlake To: world system network Subject: Position announcement Kansas State University. The Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work invites applications for a tenure-track Assistant Professor position in Sociology beginning Fall, 1998. We are seeking a sociologist whose research and teaching specialization is demography. While all areas of demography will be considered, preference may be given to migration. Other interests in sociology are open. The candidate is expected to teach the introductory class in sociology as well as classes in her or his areas of specialization. The successful candidate will have a strong record of, or clear potential for, achieving excellence in teaching and success in research, including extramural funding. Ph.D. in Sociology is required by the time of appointment. The Sociology programs include B.S./B.A., M.S., and the Ph.D., with 325 undergraduate majors and 50 graduate students. Areas of concentration within the graduate program include criminology, demography, rural/community, and social change/development. Applicants should submit a letter of application, curriculum vitae, and three letters of reference to Donald J. Adamchak, Chair, Sociology Search Committee, Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506. Review of applications will begin October 15, and continue until the position is filled. Kansas State University is an Equal Employment Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer, and has a strong commitment to faculty diversity. Applications from women and minority scholars are strongly encouraged. From ms44278@huey.csun.edu Thu Jul 24 19:21:16 1997 Date: Thu, 24 Jul 1997 18:20:04 -0700 (PDT) From: mike shupp To: "Nikolai S. Rozov" Subject: Re: European Dominance: Project of Global Division In-Reply-To: <367362A49A7@cnit.nsu.ru> On Thu, 24 Jul 1997, Nikolai S. Rozov wrote: > Some factual notes on Mike Shupp's comment: > This Bull 1493 was really an ad hoc response to Columbus (but before de Gama 1497-9 and Magellan 1520-26). It was most famous and GLOBAL document > but not first an a rather long tradition. Popes Niccolo V and Kalikst III > (sorry for misspelling) confirmed rights of Portugal on all non- > Christian lands discovered to South and East from the cape Bochador 'up to > Indians' (1452-56). That was my point. The 1493 Papal Bull wasn't something extraordinary in itself. On the hand, you're making the point that it was one of a series which showed that Europeans felt they could divide the earth as they chose, and that was in itself extraordinary. Your point is more significant than mine. > English expedition to North America of John Cabbot 1497-8 was prepared > by Henry VII in great conspiracy from Portugal and Spain. > Companions of Magellan knew very well of Portugal legal > monopoly in Indian ocean and tried to escape Portugeuse ships but failed, > 'Trinidad' and all its people were arrested and almost all died in jail. > English expansion had in beginning pirates like Francis Drake just because > foreign activities in Southern seas were banned. > Finally, what was the reason of European monarchs to support Reformation? > Taking into account that legitimization by ancient Roman Church was of primary > value for each of them, we must assume that only a very serious political- > economic reason could urge monarchs to change their own and state religion > (in Netherlands, England, German states). The hypotethesis that namely > freedom for further colonization, the striving to escape Pope's ban seems to > be rather plausible as explanation of this type of decision. > Mike: > > There's precious little evidence other European states took > > the division very seriously. I'll stick to this. Obviously the English, say, knew that the Spanish and Portuguese took their claims seriously and would defend them, but did the Dutch and English scrupuously respect those claims? Of course not. They sent out pirates and made every possible attempt to supplant the Iberians, As for changing the state religion, the urge to colonize strikes me as inadequate. It would make far more sense for a monarch bent on colonization to defy the Pope, plant his colonies, and see what the reaction was. Excommunicated monarchs are a staple of European history, and monarchs who get their own way at the cost of small penace another. If colonization had been the only factor in leaving the Catholic Church, after all, there would have been far more German colonies than were ever established-- and this might have been a much happier century, ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ms44278@csun1.csun.edu Mike Shupp California State University, Northridge Graduate Student, Dept. of Anthropology http://www.csun.edu/~ms44278/index.htm From rene.barendse@tip.nl Fri Jul 25 05:23:57 1997 id <01BC990A.A51B8C60@amsterdam-005.std.pop.tip.nl>; Fri, 25 Jul 1997 14:54:25 +-200 From: barendse To: "'wsn@csf.colorado.edu'" Subject: Factors of European domination Date: Fri, 25 Jul 1997 14:53:27 +-200 Another clarification of issues on the interesting exchange between Mike = Shupp and Nikolai Rosov 1.)Excellent discussion of papal bulls by Nicolai Rosov ! The papel = bulls of the 1470's indeed hinged on the division of the Atlantic = islands (the Canary Islands and the Azores) between Castille and = Portugal. In this respect, as in so many others, the Atlantic Islands = were the breeding ground or the nursery of the Atlantic world.=20 2.)The relation between overseas' expansion and the reformation is also = the topic of a parallel discussion on the H-world list, so this is a hot = issue. I basically think those who don't see a relationship between the = reformation and overseas' expansion and those who do are both right.=20 On the one hand it is hard to gather what interest the princes of Saxony = or Prussia, the nobles of Transsylvania or Bohemia, or the government of = Geneva should have had in contesting the Spanish and Portuguese dominium = maris. And, actually, German merchants such as the Welzers or the = Fuggers were given ample concessions in Spain's overseas' dominions. = Interest in overseas' ventures would thus have been a good reason for = sticking to Spain and catholicism, as can be observed in Holland in the = 1580's where Amsterdam remained catholic while the rest of Holland had = turned Protestant partly to preserve its trading links with Iberia. On the other hand, however, overseas' interest did play a definite part = in the reformation in Holland (and maybe in Schotland and Denmark as = well) and in the labyrinthine internal religious politics of the Dutch = Republic. Thus, the province of Zeeland which had great interests in its = pirates preying on Spanish ships in the Atlantic staunchly opposed the = politics of reconciliation with Spain of `Raadpensionaris' Johan van = Oldenbarnevelt. Therefore, in the very complicated quarel which erupted = in 1605 between the `Arminian' and `Gomarian' branch of the Dutch = reformed church, Zeeland staunchly supported `stadhouder' Maurits who = supported the Arminians against Van Oldenbarneveld and towns like = Amsterdam who supported the Gomarians. The quarrel finally led to = Oldenbarneveld's execution. I could make the same argument for the = situation after the treaty of Utrecht but enough internal Dutch politics = here. The argument basically depends upon what country one is = considering when (the Baltic interests may have played a role in the = Swedish reformation too, for example.) Anyhow, the situation is actually even more complicated than that. = Hostility to Spain might lead to some states supporting the reformation. = Thus, the great supporter of the reformation in eastern Europe was the = very Muslim Ottoman empire: the Dutch protestant pirates (Watergeuzen) = hoisted the Ottoman half-moon ! While, again, some other states were = both very catholic and anti-Spanish: thus Venice which on the one hand = harshly persecuted its own protestants, on the other harboured all = protestants persecuted by the Spaniards. One could be catholic and yet = be anti-Spanish, as the example of France under Henry IV shows, or = vice-versa as protestant Hamburg -a Spanish ally- shows. But this stands = to reason of course: we know more than sufficient examples of such = `marriages of convenience' from our own period: e.g. the very Christian = and western US and the anti-western Mujahedeen, the former USSR and the = anti-communist Bath regimes, Franz Joseph Straus propping up the = Honecker and Ceaucescu regime etc. etc. etc. 3.)And the situation regarding the Dutch/English recognition of the = division of the world by papal bull is also very complicated. Yes- the = Dutch and the English were aware of this bulls and greatly bothered with = them for sixteenth century societies were very legally minded - Grotius' = De Mare Liberum might not have been written without them - right ? = However, in a very important article written sometime ago, L.Blusse and = G.D.Winius actually made the argument that the bulls were interpreted by = the Dutch in a very different way than one might expect. When the Dutch = were entering Asia they were greatly amazed being opposed with arms by = the Portuguese, since they were entering the Portuguese sphere of = influence. They were at war with Spain and not with Portugal and should = thus be permitted peaceful trade within the Portuguese sphere under = Portuguese protection against pirates. Hope these long historical exposees don't put off those readers out = there who are more interested in contemporary politics - so I better not = enter into the `Axial Age' here which is a long, long time ago indeed - = I am intending to come to Sydney next year, Richard, hoping to discuss = it with you then !=20 Rene Barendse IIAS- Leiden rene.barendse@tip.nl From rkmoore@iol.ie Fri Jul 25 07:07:14 1997 Date: Fri, 25 Jul 1997 14:06:54 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: Re: European Dominance: Project of Global Division 7/25/97, mike shupp wrote: >As for changing the state religion, the urge to colonize strikes me as >inadequate. It would make far more sense for a monarch bent on >colonization to defy the Pope, plant his colonies, and see what the >reaction was. I vote with Nikolai on this point. If a monarch was "bent on colonization", and this was in some way opposed by Catholocism, he would want to consolidate his domestic regime before systematically undertaking a counter-Papal endeavor. The Catholic Church was not merely a player, of sorts, in international affairs, but it maintained infrastructures in each nation, with considerable political and economic influence, and had a direct channel to influencing public attitudes through the parish pulpits. A monarch who left this infrastructure in place while embarking on counter-Papal adventures would be creating a focus for domestic dissent, he would leave himself open to the Church organizing opposition among disaffected elements. Monarchs may have been in theory more or less absolute, but the excercise of their power involved various accomodations with other societal forces, symbolized, we might say, by the Magna Carta. A captain preparing for action does not leave a loose cannon on his deck. I think Nikolai may have crystallized a profound insight regarding the relationships among expansionism, protestantism, and nationalism. rkm From OWENJACK@FS.isu.edu Fri Jul 25 09:48:16 1997 From: "J B Owens" To: WSN@csf.colorado.edu Date: Fri, 25 Jul 1997 09:52:27 -0600, MDT Subject: Re: Factors of European domination On Fri, 25 Jul 1997 14:53:27 +-200, Rene Barendse wrote: [much text deleted] [snip] Interest in overseas' ventures would thus have been a good reason for = sticking to Spain and catholicism, as can be observed in Holland in the = 1580's where Amsterdam remained catholic while the rest of Holland had = turned Protestant partly to preserve its trading links with Iberia. ----------------------- Rene: I always enjoy reading your messages because you manage to add information which forces us to enrich our use of world-system approaches. One area that often gets neglected or treated in a functionalist manner is religion. Religious factors are interesting because they involved both institutional issues --there are often formal organizations and 'officials'-- and 'cultural' perspectives about how the world works, how patterns recognized there should be judged, etc. Obviously, precision is important when discussing something likely to be so involved in world-systemic interactions. At the height of its global influence in the 17th century, Holland in particular and the United Provinces in general had a large Roman Catholic minority. Indeed, the Roman Catholic minority in the modern Kingdom of the Netherlands is probably even larger in percentage terms (absolutely larger numerically of course). But in what sense was Amsterdam Roman Catholic in the 1580s? At what point did it change sufficiently to become a political bastion of those Calvinists opposed to Johan van Oldenbarnevelt and his faction? I understand that the Amsterdam leadership opposed the proposed truce with Spain in the early 17th century because of the provisions about trade activity in the West Indies, but how did this concern interact with Amsterdam's role in Calvinist opposition to those who supported the truce, like Oldenbarnevelt? ------------------------ [snip: I cut text only to shorten the message.] pirates preying on Spanish ships in the Atlantic staunchly opposed the = politics of reconciliation with Spain of `Raadpensionaris' Johan van = Oldenbarnevelt. Therefore, in the very complicated quarel which erupted = in 1605 between the `Arminian' and `Gomarian' branch of the Dutch = reformed church, Zeeland staunchly supported `stadhouder' Maurits who = supported the Arminians against Van Oldenbarneveld and towns like = Amsterdam who supported the Gomarians. The quarrel finally led to = Oldenbarneveld's execution. I could make the same argument for the = situation after the treaty of Utrecht but enough internal Dutch politics = here. The argument basically depends upon what country one is = considering when (the Baltic interests may have played a role in the = Swedish reformation too, for example.) -------------------------- Rene: It was actually the other way around. Maurits supported the Gomarist position while Oldenbarnevelt worked to protect the Arminian minority. Although a number of towns in Holland where the municipal government favored the Arminians expelled Gomarist preachers, I don't believe that Amsterdam was among them (since I am pretty much confined to the house just now, I can't check that), and Amsterdam certainly gave no support to Oldenbarnevelt on the Arminian-Gomarist issue all through the conflict before the Calvinist Synod of Dort, during the Synod itself, nor during his condemnation and execution a few days after the Synod's conclusion. The matter is interesting since the core issue was the Calvinist doctrinal position about divine authority and salvation. The Gomarists supported a strict doctrine of supralapsarian, double predestination as elaborated in Geneva by Theodore Beza while the Arminians, including Jacobus Arminius himself and the so-called Remonstrants, wanted a definition which gave some role to human choice. I think we miss a real opportunity to understand world-system development in this period if we reduce this dispute to a conflict over trade relations with territories of the global Hispanic Monarchy. -------------------- Anyhow, the situation is actually even more complicated than that. Hostility to Spain might lead to some states supporting the reformation. [snip] While, again, some other states were = both very catholic and anti-Spanish: thus Venice which on the one hand = harshly persecuted its own protestants, on the other harboured all = protestants persecuted by the Spaniards. ------------------- Rene: Again, distinctions may be important. I am not aware of any "Spanish" "protestants" who ended up under Venice's protection. The issue here may involve *conversos*, baptised Christians whose genealogical tree included Jewish ancestors. Such folk were vulnerable to charges before Inquisition courts in territories of the Iberian Habsburg dynasty as judaizers, a different issue. I recently read the autobiography of Diego de Simancas, one of Castile's inquisitors and the man responsible for overseeing the trial for heresy of Bartolome de Carranza, Archbishop of Toledo, before a papal commission in Rome. Simancas was disgusted that ecclesiastical leaders of the papacy didn't share his prejudice against *conversos*; they pointed out that all of the early members of the Apostolic Church were *conversos*! I suspect that Venetian authorities, including inquisitors, felt the same way. --------------------- One could be catholic and yet = be anti-Spanish, as the example of France under Henry IV shows, or = ------------------- Rene: One wonders whether France would count as a 'Roman Catholic' country at the time. The king had, of course, been twice a Calvinist and, if one believes the story, rejoined the Roman Church because he guessed "Paris was worth a Mass." Certainly many of his fellow Roman Catholics didn't think their kingdom was properly Christian, and one of them managed to assassinate the king in 1610! But now we really are going to bore our non-historian colleagues if we keep demonstrating that the world really is a strange place :-) Where was the Blusse and Winius article published? Regards from the mountains so far from the sea. Jack ******************************************************** J. B. "Jack" Owens, Professor of History Project Coordinator, Computer-Mediated Distance Learning Idaho State University, Pocatello, ID 83209 USA e-mail: owenjack@fs.isu.edu www: http://www.isu.edu/~owenjack ******************************************************** From rkmoore@iol.ie Fri Jul 25 13:44:13 1997 Date: Fri, 25 Jul 1997 20:44:04 +0100 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu (world-system network) From: rkmoore@iol.ie (Richard K. Moore) Subject: Re: Factors of European domination 7/25/97, Rene Barendse wrote: >Hope these long historical exposees don't put off those readers out there >who are more interested in contemporary politics - so I better not enter >into the `Axial Age' here which is a long, long time ago indeed - I am >intending to come to Sydney next year, Richard, hoping to discuss it with >you then ! Could this be a reference to me? (I talk about contemporary things, but am not from Sydney, in any case...) If so, let me just clarify my position. We are all living in the very midst, the climax nearly, of the most ambitious, radical, and successful (unfortunately) world-system of all time - past and possibly future. Globalization embodies the consciously integrated knowledge of past economic experience, and of political and imperialist activity. It is state-of-the-art world-system technology in action. If you ignore the rhetoric, and the tactical political posturing, and look at the results - and that part of the available literature which is strategically relevant - you can observe the development of a very savvy regime. A global system which is designed to manage rebellion at various levels of intensity, which keeps peoples divided even as global integration proceeds, and which has learned to maintain control (at the 90% level) via scientific tailored-for-segment propaganda rather than force. My friend Ray is a geology professor at San Francisco State University. One day he was teaching about earthquakes when - would you believe it - the building started shaking. He had the good wits to immediately rush the class to a vantage point from which the quake could be most usefully observed. In all, the fortuitous event enriched the course, and not just on the day. Globalization is a world-system earthquake, shaking us as we speak, and I'm simply mystified why it isn't more of a common topic on wsn. Its own architecture and dynamics are fascinating, and it would seem also to provide a canonical reference scenario against which to contrast historical precedents. We've talked a lot about the rise of Europe, for example, but I don't recall even a single comment or question about whether that rise might in fact trace a direct parentage to today's globalization process. I'm fascinated by long ago, but my quaking environment keeps bringing my attention back to the present. rkm From gilda@cdh.it Tue Jul 29 10:57:47 1997 Date: Tue, 29 Jul 1997 18:57:37 +0200 To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu From: gilda esposito Subject: Gilda Esposito from Italy Dear friends, I wonder if you remember me. I wrote a message in April as I was working on my dissertation on World-System Analysis and the on-going debate around it and asked for advices. I had so much help from so many of you and used every single paper you sent me and cited them in my aknowledgemt so gratefully. As scholars who replied me might have noticed I could only answer in the first month as after that my computer went out of work and I unfortunately lost all the e-mail of the people who contacted me. Now that everything is over and I'm finally on vacation I'm so proud to communicate to you that I discussed my dissertation at the University of Milano at the beginning of July and had the final evaluation of 110/110 cum laude(which is the maximun possible in our system of education. I couldn't have gone so far without the advices and suggestion I had from your network. I want to say thanks sincerely to all of you. At the same time I want to get the chance to ask to the scholars who wrote me to contact me again in order to have their e-mail and the message I couldn't read while my computer was broken. Finally I'm going to ask you once again more help. As I'm so interested in the subject and I'm seriously thinking about keeping on studying and researching I wonder if any of you can suggest me which is the best post-graduate course I can undertake in order to specialize in the field of world-system analysis and in particular about the world-system analysis explanation of rising Asia. At the moment I'm starting to prepare a project of research about the peculiar way of development of South East Asia in the frame of the East Asian region. Of course I'm only at the very beginning and have a very partial knowledge of the theme but I hope you can suggest me some good publications or, even better, send me via e-mail some articles or ideas. As you might know in my country there's very few interest about the new approach and perspective and, togheter with my distinguished Professor at the Faculty, I would like to be part of the action of spreading out it. For what concerns my limited possibilities, of course. What I'm first asking you then is some good advices about post graduate courses, and relative grants and scholarship (as unluckly I cannot afford studying without working) preferably in Europe, but also in the US. I fluently speak english, french and spanish and have no problem in moving far from my country. I will appreciate your answer so much, Yours sincerely Gilda Esposito surface adress: Gilda Esposito Scalinata Santa Lucia 1 19121 Italia From stokes@soc.umass.edu Tue Jul 29 14:02:18 1997 Tue, 29 Jul 1997 16:02:15 -0400 (EDT) Date: Tue, 29 Jul 1997 15:43:01 -0400 From: Randall Stokes Subject: development theory To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Dear World System Folks: I am giving a talk next month in Thailand and have been asked to address "recent trends in development theory". I have my own views on this topic, but I am very interested to hear what others believe is the cutting edge (or recently obsolete, promising, deadends, etc.) in sociological or political economic theories of development. I would appreciate hearing from anyone with thoughts on this issue. Unfortunately, I will be in Toronto for the meetings and may not be able to reply until after I return. I look forward to hearing from you and would particularly love to be given some reason to question my own pessimism about the state of the art. -- Randall Stokes Department of Sociology University of Massachusetts, Amherst From ROZOV@cnit.nsu.ru Tue Jul 29 21:35:09 1997 Wed, 30 Jul 1997 10:29:08 +0700 (NSD) 30 Jul 97 10:29:10 NSK-6 From: "Nikolai S. Rozov" To: PHILOFHI@YORKU.CA, wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Wed, 30 Jul 1997 10:28:56 -0600 (NSK) Subject: a paper on W-Capitalism Dear colleagues, I published a small paper in Futures Bulletin this April and today got its electronic version. It is an echoe to the discussion on WSN Summer 1996 on global praxis. I present here only first paragraphs and I will be glad to send the whole paper (circa 8 Kb) for personal requests (please write directly to me: rozov@cnit.nsu.ru). Nikolai S. Rozov. Where is World Capitalism Going? Futures Bulletin, vol.23, N1, April 1997. P.6-7. (Futures Bulletin is published by WFSF - World Futures Studies Federation, Brisbane, Australia, the Web page: http://www.fbs.qut.edu.au/wfsf/ is currently updated) Capitalism is now by no means a fashionable word. Its reality is more wide and complex than bourgeoisie-proletariat relations, wage-labour and surplus value (Marx), and evidently more hardy than Lenin's "decaying imperialism". To name our global world system capitalistic (instead of the neoliberal euphemism "free market economy") is to emphasise the tremendous concentration of power and control over all kinds of world resources by "the Big Three": modern transnational corporations (TNCs), main banking groups (with the New York-London-Tokyo axis), and governmental elites of the core states (G-7). This global oligarchy uses institutions such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF), World Trade Organization (WTO), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO) and other US-controlled military unions as instruments of its 'Realpolitik'. The deplorable destiny of opponent countries, (such as the USSR, Cuba, Panama, Serbia, North Korea and Iraq) and the financial difficulties (collapse?!) of non-instrumentalised international organisations (such as Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO), UNESCO, the global ecological programs of the Rio Forum, and now the UN) indicate the real power of modern world capitalism rulers. I wonder why futures studies mostly avoids the problem of the global political economy. Scholars rush into social and religious utopias, pink fantasies, environmentalism, postmodernism, epistemology, interpretism, and now neomythology, but miss the good old question 'cui prodest' (for whom is it profitable?). Any image of a global future will fail if it does not fit the interests of the world capitalism elites. We can take three main views on this point: the neoliberal 'mainstream' position: free market economy and democracy are winning. They are becoming stronger and stronger and are really worthy of this victory and all further ones. It is nothing more but "ideology" (in a strict Napoleonic and Marxist sense) of the Big Three. The Left's expectations of the decline of world capitalism: it is a world disease ("virus") and is worthy of its forthcoming failure. My question is: what are the visible signs of any decline or crisis, which should be stronger than all those problems and crises that world capitalism successfully prevailed under in the past (for example, in 1810-15, 1848-49, 1914-18, 1930-32, 1939-45, 1960, 1968-69)? the appeals (both Left and Right) for struggle against strong and threatening world capitalism-imperialism. For example, the appeals of Maoists and Trotskyists in Latin America, Russian communists, "patriots" in Russia, USA and France, and fundamentalists in Muslim countries. Also, the appeals of many Western university intellectuals (especially against TNCs and the IMF) belong to the same bunch. Here also some doubts and questions appear. Historical facts tell us that in most cases the open 'hot' struggle against world capitalism did not succeed, but all the local national 'successes' (for example, in Russia since 1917, China, Cuba, North Korea, Iran and Albania) led inevitably to mass social disasters, deep misery and poverty, and frequently mass terror. On the contrary, most 'soft' and interior attempts to ameliorate national 'capitalism' were successful, or at least lacked social disasters (such as the Second International and Social-Democratic reforms in Europe at the beginning of the 20th Century, labourists in Great Britain, socialists in Sweden, and the promotion of social programs in USA, France and Germany). ..... *********************************************************** Nikolai S. Rozov # Address: Dept.of Philosophy Prof.of Philosophy # Novosibirsk State University rozov@cnit.nsu.ru # 630090, Novosibirsk Fax: (3832) 355237 # Pirogova 2, RUSSIA Moderator of the mailing list PHILOFHI (PHILosophy OF HIstory and theoretical history) http://wsrv.clas.virginia.edu/~dew7e/anthronet/subscribe /philofhi.html ************************************************************ From austria@it.com.pl Wed Jul 30 06:57:58 1997 Wed, 30 Jul 1997 14:58:16 +0200 (MET DST) Reply-To: From: "Austrian Embassy" To: Subject: Floods in Europe - el nino phenomenon? A. Tausch, 30 July 1997 Date: Wed, 21 Jul 1993 14:58:51 -0700 An important question is, whether or not the recurrence of major floods and hurricanes in our age is coincidental or connected to global warming. In the summer of 1997, Europe again was hard-hit by extensive floods, just as in summer 1996. In 1996, the Netherlands were hardest hit, and in 1997, Poland and the Czech Republic. In all that, the delicate long-standing oscillations in the velocity and temperature of Oceanic currents intervenes. Precisely this delicate balance seems, one could tentatively argue, to have been upset now in a fundamental way: already in 1991 it was discovered that the velocity of the Gulf stream northeast of Iceland decreased by 80%, thus affecting the delicate equilibrium between the salt-content of the Oceanic waters, the velocity of Oceanic circulation, and the cold winds from the North Pole (Gore, 1994). A huge, powerful current usually carries warm water from the vicinity of Florida to the coast of Ireland before turning westward, cooling, sinking, and going back south near Labrador. Deep-lying parcels of unusually warm water move continually through that pipeline, alternating with cooler ones. Each parcel takes about 20 years to travel from the tropics, around the North Atlantic circuit to Labrador. Sea-surface temperatures rise and fall in concert with the movement of these parcels (New York Times, March 18th, 1997). Since the 1970s, the North Atlantic oscillation and a similar oscillation in the Pacific have made the continents of the Northern hemisphere unusually warm, during winter and spring (New York Times, March 18th, 1997). 'El Nino', that vast pool of unusually warm surface water that comes and goes every few years in the eastern tropical Pacific, and first discovered around Christmas by Peruvian fishermen 200 years ago, is a similar phenomenon (Los Angeles Times, May 16th, 1997), that, in the past, was followed each time by 'La Nina', the corresponding pool of cold water in the rhythm of two to seven years (NY Times, June 3rd, 1997): In their search for convincing evidence of global warming, scientists have been puzzling over shifting tree lines in the Sierra Nevada, dying coral in the Caribbean, melting alpine glaciers, and seasonal temperatures so extreme that the 10 warmest years of the past century have occurred in the last 15 years. When malaria-infected mosquitoes recently turned up in New Jersey and tropical microorganisms were discovered poisoning shellfish as far north as Monterey, climate experts were quick to wonder whether they had detected evidence of climate changes. In each case, pests once confined to the world's hottest regions appeared to be moving into new territory--evidence, perhaps, of formerly cool zones warmed by greenhouse gases. Now some researchers believe that they have detected the distinctive signature of global warming in the infamous Pacific Ocean current known as El Nino, a seasonal upwelling of warm seawater that has been implicated in disastrous droughts, torrential rains, killing heat waves and other distortions of the daily weather from Southern California to South Africa. The El Nino current arises from the dance between order and chaos as the ocean and the atmosphere interact to balance the Earth's thermal energy. It is the heart of a complex system called the El Nino Southern Oscillation, which is so delicate that even a subtle alteration in temperatures can affect its seesaw, annual rhythms. Global warming should make El Nino effects stronger and more frequent, said Kevin Trenberth of the National Center for Atmospheric Research in Boulder, Colo. And, as if to prove his point, the most recent El Nino, which some scientists say lasted from 1990 through 1995, is the longest in 130 years of record-keeping (Los Angeles Times, May 16th, 1997) The emerging pattern seems easy to predict: milder and drier winters in Alaska, Canada, and the Pacific Northwest, cooler in the Southeastern United States and wetter in the US Southwest. Powerful west-to-east winds across the Atlantic brings more oceanic warmth to Northern Europe and Asia, making for milder winters there. Northern Europe gets more precipitation, while Southern Europe and the Middle East less. Until now, the oscillations in Oceanic currents caused ups and downs in world weather cycles, causing a shift of the westerly winds to the European South, making Northern Europe much colder and drier and bringing more warmth and precipitation to Mediterranean Europe, Africa and the Middle East. The Medieval warm period and the Little Ice Age were all - current opinion goes - a consequence of these oscillations (New York Times, March 18th, 1997). The question is of course, whether or not we're in for a more secular change, that seems to be directing towards more hurricanes in the Southeastern US, more torrential summer rains in Europe, and Western Latin America, and more droughts in many other parts of the world, among them Australia and many parts of Asia. It might also well be that the 'peaks' in the common re-occurence of the 'El Nino' phenomenon get larger, up to five years (Los Angeles Times, May 16th, 1996). Several meteorologists, among them Timothy Barnett at the Scripps Institution of Oceanography, rule out the connection between 'El Nino' and global warming, however. Their arguments say that similar prolonged El Ninos were observed during 1911 to 1915, and that volcanic eruptions, deep-sea thermal events or the 11 to 22 year sun-spot cycle may cause the phenomenon. Indeed, they'd argue that up to 50% in global temperature rise since 1900 must be attributed to a rising sunspot activity, and not to Carbon Dioxide levels (LA Times, ibidem). Fairly safe predictions estimate that up to a third of the world's glaciers will melt away over the next decades, together with a 2-6 degrees Fahrenheit rise in average surface temperature and a rise in the sea levels up to three feet during the next 100 years (LA Times, ibidem). However, there seems to be rising consensus that severe hurricanes will develop in the Atlantic arena over the next years (New York Times, June 3rd, 1997). Sea surface temperatures in the tropical Atlantic have risen since 1955 in almost continuous fashion (NY Times, ibidem). It is not yet certain, of course, whether or not global warming really contributes to this phenomenon. It should be recalled, that wet weather and low pressure areas in Africa's Sahel zone are the at the root of hurricane embryos, kept in check by high-level westerly winds blowing from the Eastern tropical Pacific, and caused by El Nino (NY Times, June 3rd, 1997). One plausible hypothesis is of course: One of the most powerful indicators, according to the new study by Dr. Saunders and Andrew R. Harris, climate scientists at University College London in Britain, is the Atlantic sea-surface temperature. Their statistical analysis found that while most of the relevant factors were indeed favorable for hurricane development in the banner year of 1995, the dominating influence was the unusually warm ocean. The temperature in the region where hurricanes develop was 1.2 degrees Fahrenheit above the 1946-1995 average, a record. The development region was 0.36 of a degree warmer than average last year and is about 0.9 of a degree warmer now. This, said Dr. Saunders, presages another active season. His study appeared in the May 15 issue of the journal Geophysical Research Letters. The researchers suggest that warmer seas cause more water to evaporate from the surface. With evaporation, latent heat is released in the atmosphere, and the researchers believe that this is what imparts more energy to the embryonic storms coming out of Africa, making it more likely that they will develop into hurricanes. "It seems that this is a stronger effect that any other mechanism, like El Nino or the monsoon in the western Sahel," Dr. Saunders said. The question, he said, is whether the rising sea temperature is a natural expression of the climate system's variability, independent of any influence from a warming atmosphere. Dr. Gray, for his part, says he believes the warmer ocean temperature is "a manifestation of a major change in North Atlantic ocean circulation." Stately currents in the North Atlantic undergo periodic shifts on decadal time scales. Dr. Gray said he believed that a new pattern was in place, and that it was likely to presage a decade or two of above-average hurricane activity. "This is the greatest fear we have," he said, "that we're entering a new era. I believe we are." (New York Times, June 3rd, 1997) In the northern hemisphere, regions north-east of the warming Ocean regions receive above than average rainfalls, while in the southern hemisphere, regions south-east of the 'El Nino' area receive the highest rainfalls. On the western shores, severe droughts can develop, in regions as far apart as North Korea, Australia, and Eastern Canada. Severe storms are to be expected in countries or regions like Western Mexico, Peru, and Chile (Reuters, North America News Report, July 15th, 1997). World poverty and environmental degradation in marginal lands are closely inter-linked with such phenomena. During the last El Nino, which happened in 1982-83, hundreds died in Peru in flood and landslides, and tens of thousands were left homeless. Colombia braces itself for a severe drought, starting in February 1998, in turn, while Brazil and low-lying areas of Argentina expect heavy rainfalls, and the Argentinean Andes will receive unusual amounts of snow. More than 500 million poor people live on marginal lands in the Sahel and in the upper regions of the Andes and the Himalayas. Dry lands are the home to 1.5 billion people on earth. Conflicts between farmers and herders are proliferating in Africa and in Asia (UNDP, 1997). The tragic events in Rwanda and Burundi cannot be separated from two processes a) these conflicts b) the structure of land intensive raw material exports, like coffee growing, imposed by the structures of world tariffs and world trade, on Africa (Amin, 1994). The water supply per capita in developing countries today is only a third of what it was in 1970. More than 55% of the people in the Arab world suffer from serious water shortages. Over the past 50 years, 65 million hectares of productive land have become desert (UNDP, 1997). World pollution is even a clear statistical function of the ups and downs of the longer swings in the world economy, most notably the Kuznets cycle and the Kondratieff cycle. The World Resources Institute has provided information on the basis of the Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center about CO2 emissions in the world from 1950 onwards. The growth rates of CO2 consumption clearly correspond to the Kondratieff and Kuznets cycle analysis about economic growth From chriscd@jhu.edu Wed Jul 30 07:45:54 1997 Wed, 30 Jul 1997 09:45:15 -0400 (EDT) Date: Wed, 30 Jul 1997 09:43:44 -0400 From: christopher chase-dunn Subject: Re: development theory To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Reply-to: chriscd@jhu.edu References: <0EE3JNQH900LVX@rfd1.oit.umass.edu> Randall Stokes asks what's new in development theory. i would say three things: 1. a model of systemic cycles of accumulation that focusses on the importance of finance capital and its relationship with states (Giovanni Arrighi, _The Long Twentieth Century_, VErso, 1994) 2. a truly humanocentric study of the rise of the West (A.G. Frank, _Reorient:Global Economy in the Asian Age_ (Forthcoming, University of California Press) see http://csf.colorado.edu/wsystems/archive/bios/gunder/gunder97cd.html 3.a theory of social evolution that uses world-systems as the unit of analysis (Chase-Dunn and Hall, _Rise and Demise_, Westview 1997). see http://www.jhu.edu/~soc/cd/books/cdbooks.htm Not much else. the globalization literature is mostly a muddle. chris From sbabones@jhu.edu Wed Jul 30 08:57:16 1997 Wed, 30 Jul 1997 10:56:22 -0400 (EDT) by jhunix.hcf.jhu.edu (950413.SGI.8.6.12/950213.SGI.AUTOCF) Date: Wed, 30 Jul 1997 10:56:13 -0400 (EDT) From: Salvatore Babones Subject: Re: Chase-Dunn on Stokes on development theory In-reply-to: <33DF4510.777D@jhu.edu> To: WORLD SYSTEMS NETWORK Reply-to: Salvatore Babones As usual, I take issue with Chris on theory. What's new? Why, my own dissertation work, of course! (Which Chris, incidentally, supervises). You can find the off-the-cuff synopsis of my ideas that I posted to WSN last April at: http://csf.colorado.edu/mail/wsn/jan-mar97/0132.html Everyone please come visit my poster at the ASA meeting, Monday 12:30 p.m. I'd love to meet all of you and give you more details on my dissertation research then. Salvatore From tbos@social-sci.ss.emory.edu Wed Jul 30 12:34:52 1997 From: "Terry Boswell" To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Date: Wed, 30 Jul 1997 14:32:43 EST5EDT Subject: What's New Randall Stokes asked what is new in development theory, apparantly worrying that the answer would be "not much," but hoping to hear good news from us. I'm more optimistic and would guess that studies of global development are or will be expanding in all branches of social science and the humanities (although, regretably, often without a clear sense of systemic theory, at least so far). Following Chase-Dunn's lead, it might be useful to briefly list what we are up to lately, and also mention other areas that we see making important advances. In terms of theory, I have been working on reformulating capital dependency theory to consider the separate effects of differential productivity (i.e., dependent development is not as productive) versus negative externalities (i.e., dependent development has detrimental side effects). Bill Dixon and I found strong empirical support for this reformulation in the 1960-70s (_ASR_, Sept. 1996). I am currently updating the model to the 1980s with some surprising preliminary results. Another project is to build a theory of agency into world-system analysis, drawing on analytical marxism (Roemer, Wright) and on neo-institutionalism (Meyer). For me, this means looking at world revolutions and social movements, especially labor movements, and how these affect the institutional "world order" (about which I have articles coming out in _NPE_ and _W&O_). There are many others working on globalization and international labor (see the recent PEWS NEWS) and I think this is an especially promising area. Also lively are development and ecology, and women and development. Examples can be found in the PEWS conference on the environment and the upcoming ASA meetings, which has sessions devoted to all three areas. Perhaps people in these and other areas could join in and tell us what are the new developments. Bos Terry Boswell Department of Sociology Emory University Atlanta, GA 30322 From gsswork@uwichill.edu.bb Wed Jul 30 21:11:02 1997 by tropics.uwichill.edu.bb (post.office MTA v2.0 0813 Date: Wed, 30 Jul 1997 23:15:24 -0300 From: gsswork@uwichill.edu.bb (Dept. of Government, Sociology & Social Work) To: wsn@csf.colorado.edu Subject: Re: More on Development Theory References: <0EE3JNQH900LVX@rfd1.oit.umass.edu> <33DF4510.777D@jhu.edu> Boswell, Chase-Dunn and Babones have responded to Randall Stokes' query on recent breakthroughs/refinements in development theory. They have all done so without conveying the impression that theirs were an effort at self-promotion. I would wish to humbly claim that I have been active in this area and IPE from my doctoral student days (which only ended a year ago). While my area study was on the anglophone Caribbean within a reconfiguring Americas, my normative concern has been with the issue of ascent. My immediate source of worry related to the much spoken of, but limited historical cases of ascent in the last 500 years. But then that turned out to be a limited historical snapshot of world development on my part when I discovered the edited work of A.G. Frank and B.K. Gills (incidentally he was my supervisor) entitled The Modern World System: 500 or 5000, and Janet Abu-Lughod's Before European Hegemony. I believe these texts call into question much of what we have come to accept about capitalism by way of the Smithian and Marxist (ideological?) heritage. I recognise that the concept of capitalism still has heuristic value but it was especially immobilising, clumsy, Eurocentric, and subversive whenever I tried, like Caribbeannists before me, to read the Caribbean development experience and prospects within the conventional 500-year world-system structure. No point arguing that the reconfiguring Americas (read NAFTA and the FTAA) presents a structural development opportunity for a few in the hemisphere if the overwhelming perception is that the power assymetries between the North American core and the Caribbean and Latin American periphery are fixtures arising out the historical emergence of `capitalism'. Research that extends world system history back before 1500 AD invariably reveals that the feature of `rise and fall' recurs, that there is constant movement in the political economy of the system. I learnt that development for a few at a time, and core-periphery relations are not specific to the modern world. Chase-Dunn and Hall's work can provide insights on historical cases on ascent; see R.P. Palan and B.K. Gill's (1994) edited book Transcending the State-Global Divide for a discussion on neostructuralism; my piece in TWQ Vol. 17 (3) 1996 (`From the Triangular Trade to NAFTA') applies a variant of neostructuralist understanding to the Caribbean development experience deploying insights from the work sensitive to the long history of capital accumulation. Colin Leys recently in NPE (inaugural issue 1996) has written along parallel lines outlining the importance of engaging those views that cast doubt on a presumed uniqueness in world system's logic when the centre of gravity shifted from `East' to `West'. Yes Chris, most of the globalisation literature is a muddle helped none by the reflexive tendency by some to proclaim uniqueness and globality because the axis of the world system shifts in the direction of accumulation-expansion. (This would seem to occur each time technology and capital can effect such at greater efficiency: 1492 and all that e.g. canon, new frontiers, ship-building, insurance companies; 1750 and all associated with the so-called `First Industrial Revolution'; and post-1950 with the advent of the Computer Age and growth of finance capital.) But we perhaps are at the tip of the iceberg of paradigmatic breakthroughs in development theory, even now it would not be too much to suggest that eclectic refinements are pretty much in view. Got to go. Don D. Marshall Department of Government, Sociology and Social Work University of the West Indies Cave Hill Campus Barbados. christopher chase-dunn wrote: > > Randall Stokes asks what's new in development theory. > i would say three things: > > 1. a model of systemic cycles of accumulation that focusses on the > importance of finance capital and its relationship with states (Giovanni > Arrighi, _The Long Twentieth Century_, VErso, 1994) > > 2. a truly humanocentric study of the rise of the West (A.G. Frank, > _Reorient:Global Economy in the Asian Age_ (Forthcoming, University of > California Press) see > http://csf.colorado.edu/wsystems/archive/bios/gunder/gunder97cd.html > > 3.a theory of social evolution that uses world-systems as the unit of > analysis (Chase-Dunn and Hall, _Rise and Demise_, Westview 1997). see > http://www.jhu.edu/~soc/cd/books/cdbooks.htm > > Not much else. the globalization literature is mostly a muddle. > > chris